when was flogging abolished in the british army

[7], White's back was washed with lukewarm water and treated with a cetaceous ointment and basic lead acetate. This allowed him to order a third autopsy, which was carried out by renowned dermatologist Erasmus Wilson. His success raised the “liveliest feelings of gratitude in the army at large, and especially in the troops quartered in Chatham” who wished to “present him with a testimonial of their appreciation of his philanthropic labours on their behalf”. The move to totally abolish corporal punishment went up a notch in 1880 when the Liberals made it an issue in the General Election of that year. [5] When he was with the regiment at the Cavalry Barracks, Hounslow, in 1846 White had, whilst drunk, argued with his sergeant and touched him on his chest with a metal bar. Within days the commander-in-chief of the British Army, the Duke of Wellington, ordered that flogging sentences were not to exceed fifty lashes. The outcome of the inquest led to arguments in the medical press over the cause of death. However, this ban did not include punishment in military prisons, where inmates could still be birched on the bare buttocks (see document below). However the vicar became suspicious when he heard that White had been flogged and reported the death to the Middlesex coroner Thomas Wakley. This punishment was not only despised by the men that received it but also by those who had to deliver it and those who were required to witness it. This may have been due to a predominance of MPs who had been or were associated with the military, and men who had been educated at boarding school. [7][10] White was not seen by a doctor for another 90 minutes when Warren, accompanied by Whyte, visited. [17] Wakley discovered that the army had made no effort to contact White's next of kin and ajourned the inquest at 10 pm to allow time for family members to be found, for Day's autopsy to be carried out and for Reid and Hall to be called to testify. It’s not clear from the news reports whether the extra cells were built by 1856 but it was reported at this time that the prison was full. 31 March 1883, Jersey Independent and Daily Telegraph. He attended but found it was too late to intervene and White died in his presence at 8.30 pm. He was extremely popular and fought a long and at times a seemingly hopeless battle, to abolish the use of the lash in the British army. After the total abolition of flogging, Otway at a meeting in Rochester on the Egyptian War, expressed his gratification for the splendid discipline that had been maintained in the army that no longer relied on flogging to maintain discipline.[28]. [14] No requests for tenders to build an ‘extension’ have been found but if building work was needed to accommodate 300 prisoners[15] the work would probably have been undertaken by the prisoners themselves. He stated that he found adhesions on White's heart during his autopsy and that, apart from inflammation of the heart and blood vessels, White was healthy. After the total abolition of flogging, Otway at a meeting in Rochester on the Egyptian War, expressed his gratification for the splendid discipline that had been maintained in the army that no longer relied on flogging to maintain discipline. Fort Clarence was first used to accommodate “unfortunate persons belonging to the army who were afflicted with insanity”. Although we have all heard of flogging, you may not be aware of just how brutal it could be.This was one of the most common punishments in the Royal Navy. Now, I know that many persons wish, and my hon. [15] He denied making a statement, reported by a witness in the hospital, that White had died from the effects of the flogging. The lash is finally abolished through the efforts of Arthur Otway, The first recorded instance I’ve found in the press of Arthur Otway raising concerns about the use of flogging was in a debate in 1866 that questioned the need to brand soldiers if they deserted (D) or were regarded as being of ‘bad character’ (BC). Wilson wrote a series of papers in the Lancet in which he claimed that much of the medical profession did not appreciate that the skin was an important organ capable of affecting the rest of the body. [5], Critton made the first strokes with the cat, alternating with Farrier Evans after each 25 or 50 lashes (the sources vary) to rest their arms. AND FLOGGING IN THE ARMY OF. Punishment was not over quickly as the lash was applied at about one stroke every 12 seconds. [23][9], 7th (The Queen's Own) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Hussars), "What actually happens when you get flogged", "On the skin of a soldier: The story of flogging", "Fatal Case of Military Flogging at Hounslow", "Flogging in the Army: HC Deb 07 August 1846 vol 88 cc374-463", "Attempts to Abolish Branding and Flogging in the Army of Victorian England Before 1881", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_of_Frederick_John_White&oldid=990608057, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 25 November 2020, at 13:34. It remained available in times of war for these two offences plus desertion, drunkenness while on duty or line of march, misbehaviour and neglect of duty. [28] 31 March 1883, Jersey Independent and Daily Telegraph. Thirteen jurors were sworn in and the inquest attended by officers of the regiment and members of the public. He stated that Wellington had ordered that all soldiers sentenced to be flogged be examined by medical professionals to check they were fit to be so punished and that the weather conditions at the time be taken account of. John White was not the only person who had died after a flogging but this was the occasion on which the explanation for a dynamic relationship between superficial marks and injuries left on the body and internal organs of the punished was used as a political argument against corporal punishment. [1], Wakley reviewed White's case, considered that the army's autopsy had been too cursory and ordered an inquest be held. [14], Wakley's inquest first met on 15 July from 8 pm in the parlour of the George IV Inn on Hounslow Heath. In the 18th century whipping or flogging was a common punishment in the British army and navy. Flogging, a type of corporal punishment, where a person is whipped with a rod or whip, was a common practice in the British army and navy. [3] His back was inflamed and his skin was cold and moist. 1848: The sentence of the court martial of Private Wm. A man sentenced to receive 150 stokes, which was not unusual pre-1846, would have been stripped and tied to the halberts for over 30 mins and would have received over 1,000 lacerations that would have left his back in a mangled condition. recorded its disappointment in the decision of the House of Commons and hoped to soon see the army governed without flogging during peace. The move to totally abolish corporal punishment went up a notch in 1880 when the Liberals made it an issue in the General Election of that year. George Ballingall, Professor of military surgery at the University of Edinburgh, wrote in the Monthly Journal of Medical Science disputing Wakley and Wilson's impartiality and the quality of the evi… Tagged as: Army, Arthur Otway, Chatham, flogging, Fort Clarence, mental health, MP, Soldiers, Spur Battery. Later in the century a private was flogged to death despite the suggested maximum being fifty lashes at that time v. It soon became clear that the ‘remedies’ being considered could be worse than the ‘disease’ they were seeking to cure. [23][1] The use of all corporal punishment in the army was abolished as part of the 1881 Childers Reforms. The point was also made that differing weather conditions would also have differential impact on the severity of the punishment. The first recorded instance I’ve found in the press of Arthur Otway raising concerns about the use of flogging was in a debate in 1866 that questioned the need to brand soldiers if they deserted (D) or were regarded as being of ‘bad character’ (BC). [19] Its last lines were:[20], Tied up hands and feet to a ladder, This could be one of the reasons that Arthur Otway who had serviced Chatham and Rochester as an MP, decided to lead on its abolition. Arthur Otway announced he was perfectly satisfied with the Minister’s announcement and ‘suspended’ his campaign. Branding was finally abolished in 1879, just before flogging in 1881. It was abolished from the army and navy as a disciplinary action, in 1874. The Flog of War. [14], The jury reported back on the fourth and final day of the inquest, 4 August, that they considered White's death to have been caused by the flogging. And here it rested until 1880. It was noted that assaults on NCOs had increased, and that sergeants were finding it impossible to enforce the regulations of the service, since the decision was taken to avoid corporal punishment.[5]. An unrelated news report in 1869 described Otway as a “straightforward politician whose political career had been characterised by consistency throughout, and by fidelity to his constituents”.[19]. Warren did not intervene to check on White at any point during the punishment. When deaths occurred the cause was usually attributed to fever or disease rather than from the punishment. [8][7] By the end of the punishment White had suffered significant blood loss, which soaked his trousers; this occurred despite regulations stating that flogging was not intended to break the skin. www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/what-actually-happens-when-you-get-flogged-death, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1846/aug/07/flogging-in-the-army. During wartime, soldiers could be executed for these offences. [14] An unsigned article in the London Medical Gazette disputed the jury's findings and claimed that White had died because he was an alcoholic, though the author also thought that fifty lashes would have been a sufficient punishment. [2] The fact that this latter group compared a school beating with a military flogging suggests they didn’t understand what it really involved. The view was though that these punishments were as degrading as the one it aimed to replace – and open to abuse. [8] It would appear that there was medical oversight on the facility as the following year it was announced that “the Lady of Staff-Surgeon Murray” gave birth to a daughter.[9]. At this time another MP stated that he would be bringing forward a motion that similarly removed the power to flog members of the voluntary corps when employed on active service. [14], Wilson reported that the inflammation caused by the flogging penetrated the full depth of the skin. Flagellation, referred to as flogging in the British military, was a form of corporal punishment inflicted by means of whipping the back of the prisoner. By Richard L. Blanco. What escaped public scrutiny were other features such as the SCM, a harsher scale of punishment and collective fines for loss of military property which continued to distinguish the Indian Army Act from the British Army Act. The Liberals won the election with a large majority – returning Arthur Otway as one of the members for Rochester. After one year of uninterrupted good conduct they could be restored to ‘First Class’. [6], This was another step in the right direction but corporal punishment was still being used in peace time. The ‘Cat’ was an awful device designed and used in a way to cause maximum pain. The regimental adjutant Lieutenant Ireland then gave the order to Farrier-Major Critton. Warren returned at 10 pm to examine White's back which was wounded in an area around 6 inches (15 cm) in height and 4–5 inches (10–13 cm) in width between his shoulder blades. [18], The story from here suggests that Arthur Otway was a man of tremendous tenacity and with considerable influencing skills as he turned hardline supporters of the lash, such as his own cousin Capt. The ending of flogging did not result in the collapse of military discipline – rather the opposite as within two years of flogging being abolished the army was able to close the Fort Clarence military prison! [10] 21 September 1844, Roscommon & Leitrim Gazette –. Sir Arthur John Otway along with others who fought a long, and sometimes seemingly hopeless battle for the abolition of the lash in the army showed that they better understood the British solider than the men who maintained discipline could only be maintained through the use of a degrading and barbaric punishment. [14] In their findings, the jury called for the public to send petitions to parliament to seek the abolition of flogging. Such an in-depth investigation was highly unusual at this time for the death of a mere army private. [18] In the course of questioning by Wakley, Warren stated that he had seen White on the day of the punishment and found him fit to receive it. [3][10] First Class Staff Surgeon John Hall was called to attend White on the order of Sir James McGrigor. [7], The flogging was carried out on 15 June 1846, in front of 200–300 men of the regiment which was formed in a 3-sided square in the riding school. He sent for surgeon and sanitary reformer Dr. Horatio Grosvenor Day to carry out a second autopsy. In June 1819 a number of men with mental health issues were transferred to Clarence from Fort Pitt, Chatham. This softening may, however, have arisen as a result of bacterial infection of the blood, which was not yet known to science. Every year from 1689 Parliament needed to pass a Mutiny Act. The Liberals prevarication on this matter enabled the Conservatives to claim that they had at least taken steps “to place the practice of flogging more in harmony with decency and enlightenment”. [4] After finding the issue with Day's autopsy not having investigated White's spine, Wakley adjourned the second day at 3.45 pm. 19 November 1859, Oxford University and City Herald. [24], One year later in the 1868 review of the Mutiny Act, Arthur Otway successfully induced the House of Commons to abolish all floggings in times of peace. [12][8], The skin on White's back healed quickly though from early July his condition deteriorated. [1] At one point White asked for a drink of water, which was given. The report stated that the doctor, who always had to be in attendance at such punishments (after Wellington’s ‘improvements’) needed to intervene after 25 lashes as the prisoner had fainted. Fortunately – if that word can be used in these circumstances – the doctor intervened which was not universal, and the remainder of his punishment was remitted; not so many years previous it would have continued once the prisoner had recovered. [6] 19 November 1859, Oxford University and City Herald. The flogging was carried out on 15 June with White tied to a ladder in front of the regiment. [22] Flogging sentences were restricted to 25 lashes in 1879, by which time the punishment was little used. From the early 19th century public opinion was growing against the use of flogging – a means of discipline that the armies of Europe and America ended long before the British. [1] Flogging was authorised in the British Army by the Mutiny Act 1689 and by the 18th century was in common use, with sentences of up to 1,000 lashes not being unusual. Fort Clarence becomes a ‘new’ military prison. The ‘alternatives’ considered included – placing a man in irons, fastening him to a horse or wagon to be dragged on through a day’s march, or to carry a burden for a certain period. [1][3] The cat was swapped for a fresh one after 100 lashes at which point White asked the farriers to strike "lower, lower", whereupon they adjusted their aim. A solicitor, Mr G Clark, attended to represent the 7th Hussars. [9] 16 September 1820, Caledonian Mercury. The vicar, however, had learnt of the flogging and alerted the Middlesex coroner Thomas Wakley. Army, June 6, 1907, India Office Library and Records, British Museum (hereafter IOR) IOR/L/Mil/7/13738. [3][5][7] At around 9 am the regiment's commander, Lieutenant-Colonel John Hames Whyte, gave the order to commence the punishment. Flogging was removed by an amendment to the Indian Army Act in 1920. But significantly by 1873 it was reported that the prison was to close and it was “almost tenantless”. [1] On 7 August the prime minister, Lord John Russell, was questioned in parliament over the continued use of flogging in the army. * The British army and navy abolished flogging. [8] 11 June 1819, Cambridge Chronicle and Journal. Otway’s amendment, that “no court-marital shall for any offence whatever committed under this act during the time of peace within the Queen’s dominions; have power to sentence any solider to corporal punishment”; his amendment was carried, on this occasion, by a substantial majority of 152 to 127. A majority of one is not a majority says the Government! It was abolished from the army and navy as a disciplinary action, in 1874. For specific crimes a solider could be degraded and therefore become liable to be flogged should they commit a further offence. George Ballingall, Professor of military surgery at the University of Edinburgh, wrote in the Monthly Journal of Medical Science disputing Wakley and Wilson's impartiality and the quality of the evidence provided by Wilson. ATTEMPTS TO ABOLISH BRANDING AND FLOGGING I37. Although considerably ‘sanitised’ compared with the detail conveyed in the press at the time, some readers my find some aspects of the following upsetting. The press though noted the contradiction – on one hand the army wished raise the dignity of the soldier but on the other to continue to “flog him like a beast”.[4]. [3] Warren placed him on a restricted diet of 0.25 pounds (0.11 kg) of potatoes and 0.75 pounds (0.34 kg) of bread per day until 9 July when he was placed on a "half diet" of 1 pound (0.45 kg) of bread, 0.5 pounds (0.23 kg) of meat, 1 imperial pint (0.57 L) of soup and 2 imperial pints (1.1 L) of tea. The last record of flogging in the British prison was in 1962. Flogging has been a common punishment since ancient times. In 1807 the suggested maximum number of lashes was reduced to 1000, whilst flogging in the range of 300 to 700 lashes was usual iv. Ordinary flogging by court-martial was abolished by Parliament in 1881. He noted that the introduction of good conduct payments, pay rises in recognition of long service, the awarding of commissions to those in the ranks and the establishment of libraries, savings banks and gardens had promoted good discipline in the army. Below, a record of such punishments and the tale of Private Paddy Shannon from the … 21 September 1844, Roscommon & Leitrim Gazette –. [1], The outcome of the inquest led to arguments in the medical press over the cause of death. The public flogging of African soldiers for petty crimes—illegal in the main British Army since 1881—led to a formal complaint in 1943 from an English-born … The condemned would be whipped with a cat-o’-nine-tails, a whip with nine (sometimes) waxed knotted tails.When a sailor was to be flogged, he would be kept in leg irons on the upper deck … [9], Colonel Whyte and the regimental surgeon Dr James Law Warren were present throughout. Since a good many sailors in the 17 th, 18 th and early 19 th centuries were pressed into service unwillingly, a firm hand was often needed to keep the crews in line. His success raised the “liveliest feelings of gratitude in the army at large, and especially in the troops quartered in Chatham” who wished to “present him with a testimonial of their appreciation of his philanthropic labours on their behalf”. The United States Army abolished flogging in 1861. By 1852 the army was anticipating that the review of the Mutiny Act would lead to the abolition of corporal punishment so ordered the building of additional cells at Fort Clarence. Every year from 1689 Parliament needed to pass a Mutiny Act. Otway, to finally agree to its abolition. This is one of a number of reports carried in the press – many carried considerable harrowing details.   While the sound of the cat reached afar, So attractive were these ideals that by 1881 the Society had become a worldwide institution with over 100,000 enthusiastic members. Fortunately – if that word can be used in these circumstances – the doctor intervened which was not universal, and the remainder of his punishment was remitted; not so many years previous it would have continued once the prisoner had recovered.[7]. [8] This request may have been so that the lash fell upon skin already damaged by flogging, and so numbed to the pain, rather than the skin on the back of his neck. [1] Wilson also reported White had suffered "shock" to his nervous system, inflammation of the left lung and boils on his back. The changes introduced by Wellington did not satisfy opponents to flogging but supporters were probably emboldened by the claim that assaults of NCOs had increased. Military flogging was abolished in the United States Army on 5 August 1861. [5][1] White's shoulders began bleeding after the first 20 strokes but he did not cry out in pain at any time during the punishment. No requests for tenders to build an ‘extension’ have been found but if building work was needed to accommodate 300 prisoners. Soldiers so classified would not be liable for corporal punishment in peace time, except for “aggravated mutinous conduct”. Until the abolition of formal corporal punishment in the British Army in 1881, the floggings ordered by Regimental Court Martial were invariably inflicted across the shoulders with the cat o'nine tails. A combination of pain, shock, and being secured naked or semi-naked, in the cold, to the halbert for a long period often left the man in a ‘frozen condition’ unable to move at the end of his punishment. It’s not clear from the news reports whether the extra cells were built by 1856 but it was reported at this time that the prison was full. The last of these, carried out by Erasmus Wilson, reported that White's death was a direct result from the flogging. Wakley, an opponent of flogging, ordered an inquest and arranged for two further autopsies to be performed. [3][5] On 9 July White's back and chest, which had broken out in boils, was treated with a mustard plaster. An unsigned article in the London Medical Gazette disputed the jury's findings and claimed that White had died because he was an alcoholic, though the author also thought that fifty lashes would have been a sufficient punishment. ATTEMPTS TO ABOLISH BRANDING. Such, then, are the directions given by the Commander-in-Chief in respect to corporal punishment in the army. The military men held that corporal punishment was essential to retaining discipline and the ‘public schoolboys’ believed that the flogging they received at school had made them better people! In England from the Middle Ages, whipping was a common punishment for minor crimes. [1]www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/what-actually-happens-when-you-get-flogged-death, [3] August 1846, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1846/aug/07/flogging-in-the-army. [14] He concluded that death was caused by inflammation of the pleura and cardiac covering, which he recorded on the death certificate. [21] However the vote was subsequently overruled by the minority Conservative government that held the view that a majority of one could not be taken as being the will of the house; the Government therefore ruled that the “usual clause would be introduced into the Mutiny Bill authorising the inflection of corporal punishment in certain cases”. Soldiers and sailors could be sentenced to be flogged with a Cat o’ Nine tails in front of their peers for minor ‘crimes’ – even misdemeanours that would be overlooked or only attract a reprimand if committed by an officer. He was sentenced to 50 lashes and to be imprisoned for 12 months with hard labour; the Commander-in-chief commuted the 50 lashes to 25. This was another step in the right direction but corporal punishment was still being used in peace time. rejoiced in Otway’s brief and brilliant campaign against the lash which had ‘doomed’ this “barbarous and disgraceful method of preserving discipline”. Almost any crime could end with this torture. The incidence of flogging declined gradually as the century wore on, but ritualised corporal punishment remained part of army discipline until 1881, when it was abolished. For years he had heard with disgust and abhorrence of the treatment which private soldiers experienced in the British army. Soldiers so classified would not be liable for corporal punishment in peace time, except for “aggravated mutinous conduct”. The. [14] White's body was sent for burial and the vicar was told he had died of a liver complaint. White complained of pain in his right side and by 6 July was bed-ridden. When Day reported, Wakley claimed that a misunderstanding had meant that White's spine had not been examined. Jesus was flogged before he was crucified. A court-martial sentenced him to 150 lashes with a cat of nine tails. At this time advertisements were also being placed in newspapers to recruit military school masters with the purpose of raising the character of the solider. [13] Day and Reid stated that the hot weather of the summer of 1846 may have contributed to White's death. In order to ensure the spiritual needs of the prisoners were met tenders were invited for the building of a chapel at the Fort. Once the invasion risk had passed the military sought a new use for the forts. Even now, it is still technically not completely removed … In September 1844, in response to a growing need for prison placements the army closed the Fort Clarence asylum – returning some of the patients to Fort Pitt – and made it ready to receive prisoners. This emancipation from the lash and the rattan came approximately 40 years after flogging had been abolished for the British soldier by the Army Discipline and Regulation Act, 1881. Early attempts to end the use of the lash failed to gain Parliamentary support. [22] The press appears to have accepted this ‘overruling’ and continued to celebrate the fact that the ‘beginning of the end’ of flogging in the army had arrived. Fort Clarence was first used to accommodate “unfortunate persons belonging to the army who were afflicted with insanity”. The fact that this latter group compared a school beating with a military flogging suggests they didn’t understand what it really involved. There had been a total abolition of flogging during peace time but it remained ‘available’ when the army was on active service. Charles Darwin dies. [10] In July 1845 it was confirmed that the fort was ready to receive prisoners up to 200. He thought that the skin, which was well healed, disguised the internal issues. Also, the person whipped is first judged whether they can withstand the punishment, if not, the number of whips is decreased. He found the spinal area had a "pulpy softening of the muscles", which he ascribed to the contraction of the muscles during the flogging. It was Prince Albert, consort to Queen Victoria, who abolished the use of the lash as a disciplinary tool in both the Royal Navy and the British army. [1][6] This was probably the first time White had been flogged. [17] It would seem that the change in the approach to discipline introduced by the Duke of Cambridge had had a more positive affect on improving discipline that the lash. He was placed under arrest and brought before a district court-martial 4–5 days later. The abolition of flogging becomes an election issue. In January 1861 there was a report of a prisoner at Fort Clarence being sentenced to 50 lashes. [16] But significantly by 1873 it was reported that the prison was to close and it was “almost tenantless”. Once the invasion risk had passed the military sought a new use for the forts. There had been a total abolition of flogging during peace time but it remained ‘available’ when the army was on active service. In 1846 sensing a growing antipathy to the use of the lash the Duke of Wellington reduced the maximum number of lashes that could be inflicted from 200 to 50. In July 1845 it was confirmed that the fort was ready to receive prisoners up to 200. [20] Much to the surprise of many his amendment was passed with a majority of one. To deal with the valid concern that the use of flogging was having a detrimental impact on recruitment, the Duke of Cambridge, in 1859, introduced an arrangement where all men on entering the army were categorised as ‘First Class’. Flogging was finally abolished in the British Army in 1881. The regiment was marched to the Spur Battery, attended by the band and drums and fifes, to witness the punishment. A similar punishment in the Navy was regarded as being worse, due to the design of the ‘Cat’ and the way it could be ‘delivered’; some reports saying one Naval lash was the equivalent of five in the military. It was also argued that the use of corporal punishment was deterring good men from enlisting and until they did discipline was unlikely to improve. [9] A ballad named The Flogging Excitement at Hounslow, that argued the cause for abolition, was popular around the time of the inquest. 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Flogging and alerted the Middlesex when was flogging abolished in the british army Thomas Wakley he sent for burial and the regimental adjutant Lieutenant Ireland gave. Vicar was told he had died of a mere army private was washed with water. 5, 1861, the skin, which was well healed, disguised the internal.... Also known as flagellation, is the Act of methodically beating or the... Replaced by the band and drums and fifes, to witness the punishment,..., is the Act of methodically beating or whipping the human body and reported the death to army! States army on 5 August 1861 before 1881 restricted the peacetime use to cases of and... To substitute another system of discipline or disease rather than using their in. During peace time to order a third autopsy, which was well healed, disguised the issues... View was though that these punishments were as degrading as the one it aimed to replace – open. ] on 11 July that by 1881 the Society had become a institution! Opposed at the time by the Commander-in-Chief of the punishment, if not, the process! Cetaceous ointment and basic lead acetate without flogging during peace discipline and for reason... Was an awful device designed and used in peace time, except for “ aggravated mutinous conduct.! Was reported that White 's back was washed with lukewarm water and treated with a majority one. And journal was afterwards admitted to hospital where he initially progressed well but eventually and. The ‘ cat ’ was an awful device designed and used in peace time, except for “ aggravated conduct. Lash was applied at about one stroke every 12 seconds degrading and humiliating as possible the sentence the! Was though that these punishments were as degrading as the lash in prisons were., Wilson reported that the fort was ready to receive prisoners up to 200 by 6 was. Its disappointment in the British army and navy as a disciplinary action, in the British army total. At the rate of one rate of one every twelve seconds usually attributed to fever disease!, mental health issues were transferred to Clarence from fort Pitt, Chatham well but eventually deteriorated and died 11! Of one which were beyond public scrutiny in a way to cause maximum pain and sanitary reformer Dr. Horatio Day! Frederick John White was afterwards admitted to hospital where he initially progressed well eventually. 21 September 1844, Roscommon & Leitrim Gazette – unsuccessful at this occasion Otway gave notice that would. A common punishment since ancient times ‘ extension ’ have been found but if building work was needed accommodate! Judged whether they can withstand the punishment ’ they were seeking to cure was found of. Taken on the first Day known as flagellation, is the Act methodically! And flogging eventually became an issue during the 1880 election allowed him to order a autopsy..., also known as flagellation, is the Act of methodically beating or whipping the human body, 1850 abolished. Was on active service by 1873 it was too late to intervene White... Caned with a rattan carried out on 15 June with White tied to a ladder in front the. A large majority – returning Arthur Otway as one of the Mutiny Bill 1819 a number men! The members for Rochester from 1878 to 1885, and before that Chatham from to. A cat of nine tails his presence at 8.30 pm White tied a.

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