It has not been evaluated by the FDA and none of the statements or products found here are intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any illness or disease. A multicentre trial to the evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine versus cytosine diphosphocholine in patients with vascular dementia. For nootropic users seeking cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection, keep your dose in the 300-600mg range. Its been the subject of decades of research. The half-life of . The methylation pathway converts PC, which is made up of phosphatidylethanolamine and choline, into an important source for constructing your brain's myelin insulation. This stuff is amazing! This boost in neural signaling improves memory recall, learning ability, cognitive processing, and mental clarity. Choline alphoscerate (alpha-glyceryl-phosphoryl-choline) an old choline- containing phospholipid with a still interesting profile as cognition enhancing agent., Kawamura, Takashi et al. This increase in power output is largely due to the ability of Alpha GPC to increase plasma growth hormone secretion. Unexpected Effects of Acetylcholine Precursors on Pilocarpine Seizure- Induced Neuronal Death., Morell, P, and A H Ousley. Alpha-GPC works by increasing levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain. It crosses the blood-brain barrier soon after ingestion, and most users notice effects within an hour. (Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 12), 3. Barbagallo Sangiorgi G, Barbagallo M, Giordano M, et al. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. Alpha GPC is well known for its positive physical and mental effects, both when taken alone and in combination with other nootropics. L-Theanine: Review of Nootropic Benefits, Uses, & Side Effects, L-Tyrosine: Review of Nootropic Benefits, Uses, & Side Effects, Ginkgo Biloba: Review of Nootropic Benefits, Uses, & Side Effects, French Maritime Pine Bark Extract: Review of Nootropic Benefits, Uses, & Side, Rhodiola Rosea: Review of Nootropic Benefits, & Uses, Citicoline (Cognizin): Review of Nootropic Benefits & Uses, All Articles About Vitamins & Supplements, Best Legal Over the Counter Adderall Alternatives, How to Improve Cognitive Ability & Skills, Perfect for people who want to improve their cognitive function, Can help people with Alzheimer's disease and dementia, Not the ideal nootropic for people taking anticholinergics such as Scopolamine (Devil's Breath), Treating Alzheimer's disease and dementia, Improved memory and cognitive performance in elderly adults, Tamura, Yasuhisa et al. In humans, choline is considered to be an essential nutrient as its role in reducing the risk of neural tube defects, fatty liver disease, and other pathologies has been well-documented. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version. In a study involving 32 healthy young volunteers, alpha GPC effectively restored memory following temporary chemically-induced amnesia.[4], Anecdotal experience reports affirm that alpha GPC is an effective nootropic that provides a powerful cognitive boost, along with increased energy and motivation.[5][6][7]. Its responsibility is to carry messages (electro-chemical signals) from brain-cell to brain-cell. Here's a breakdown of the dosing regimens: Alzheimer's disease and dementia: 400 mg, 3X daily for 6 - 12 months [ 29, 30] Stroke recovery: 1,000 mg daily for 1 month (as injections) [ 35 ] 400 mg orally, 3X daily for 5 months afterward. Of course, a consideration of whether this is an effective supplement should really be centered around whether it is right for you. Alpha GPC is effective at raising neural Choline levels. Alpha GPC (L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine) is a natural compound found in the brain. Sport performance coaches can consider adding A-GPC to the diet of speed and power athletes to enhance muscle performance. (Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 12). These hold our brain-cells together. Researchers have also found that people who suffer from Alzheimer's disease and dementia may experience some benefits from taking Alpha-GPC. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PS: Its worth noting that if you are a professional athlete, check with the regulations to make sure taking Alpha GPC wont get you flagged. article on how to create a nootropic stack, Double Wood Supplements Alpha GPC Capsules, Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical data, Effect of L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine on amnesia caused by scopolamine, We need to fix this global mistake in the sub. 2019;460(1-2):195-203. Planning to start a new supplementation regimen? alpha-Glycerophosphocholine in the mental recovery of cerebral ischemic attacks. That includes things like planning, organizing and managing time. Even though a real-life limitless pill does not exist, nootropics have become the staple for those seeking cognitive enhancement. At no extra cost to readers, our curated product links may earn us a small fee. Uridine is one of 4 repeating units that make up RNA (Ribonucleic Acid). 2. [9], A 2021 cohort study of more than 12 million participants (at least 50 years old), including 108,877 alpha-GPC users, reported that alpha-GPC use for at least 12 months was associated with an increased risk of stroke over 10 years. Alpha GPC has been shown to protect and support overall brain health by encouraging the development of new brain cells and enhancing the bodys ability to repair damaged cell membranes. Choline: needed for normal development of memory J Am Coll Nutr. Alpha-GPC increases a chemical in the brain called acetylcholine. Association of L-a glycerylphosphorylcholine with subsequent stroke risk after 10 Years. Alpha GPC benefits the brain in many ways. 3. 600mg of Alpha GPC 45 minutes before training increased athlete power output by 14% as assessed by bench throws. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. The initial half-life of choline in plasma, estimated from the rate of disappearance of choline after intravenous administration of either a tracer dose of choline [methyl- 3-H] (0.031 mumol/kg) or a high dose of choline chloride (200 mumol/kg), was less than 1 minute. It's generally well-tolerated, but some people may experience side effects like headaches, dizziness, and gastrointestinal distress. 4. They aren't for human consumption, nor medical, veterinary, or household uses. Choline builds the outer-wrapper of our brain-cells. Cholinergic compounds are some of the most discussed nootropics on the market. For most people, 500-1000mg of Alpha GPC every day will supply your brain with the Choline it needs for optimal brain-development and memory function. Alpha GPC (L-Alpha Glycerylphosphorylcholine, choline alfoscerate) is a choline source derived from soy or sunflower lecithin. We hope you found our Alpha GPC review helpful. Cogmetics Ltd.Sovereign House Flat 1 Grand ParadeBN21 3YP EastbourneUnited Kingdom. 5. The pros of using Alpha-GPC as a nootropic supplement include: It's an effective cognitive enhancer, it's generally safe, and it has few side effects. In his spare time he invents drugs that will be used to treat neurological disorders or to enhance cognition and the brain's function. According to Dr. Steven Zeisel, 10% of men would be better served by getting 850mg/day of Choline. The brain is made up of billions of neurons constantly sending and receiving electrical signals. J Int Med Res 1991;19:330-41. Alpha-GPC is considered GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) by the FDA. Extensive clinical trials involving thousands of participants have shown it to be an effective treatment for memory loss associated with various age-related disorders, including Alzheimers disease, vascular dementia, and stroke.[2]. Production of -Glycerylphosphorylcholine and Other Compounds from Wheat Fermentation., Barbagallo Sangiorgi, G et al. Therefore, its theorized that increased acetylcholine levels lead to a stronger signal for muscle contraction and, consequently, increased force production. This is more than double the concentration of CDP Choline, which stands at 18.5% Choline. The multiple administrations are important in order to combat the fact that Piracetam has a very short 2 or three hour half-life. Alpha-GPC, also known as alpha-glycerophosphocholine, is a powerful nootropic with high efficacywhen it comes to improving once cognition. It's been shown to improve memory, focus, and attention span, as well as increase mental energy. Tuboly E, Gspr R, Ibor MO, et al. Clin Ther 2003;25:178-93. The study analyzed their brain's electrical reaction during the presentation of five 7-minute video clips followed by a 3-minute pause for each. Citicoline also breaks down into Uridine: But only at the plasma level. Neuroscientists call this long-term potentiation. Take your time to decide what you are looking for out of a supplement routine, and compare it to our extensive outline above. The efficiency of neural communication between neurons in your brain is improved. PC is essential for the maintenance of healthy cell membranes, and it's also involved in the production of the myelin sheath. Choline is essential for the brains production of acetylcholine, the learning neurotransmitter that is crucial to all aspects of cognition. The impact of Alpha GPC on cell membrane development in the cerebral cortex is very significant. Alpha-GPC improves mood and increases mental energy. (2), 2. People with lower dopamine levels tend to be slackers. First, make sure you're buying from a reputable source. Given these long-term health benefits and cognitive boosting abilities, Alpha GPC becomes vital for building a sharper mind. In an interview, Dr. Steven Zeisel from UNC said that Choline performs 2 key roles: 1. These signals need to be fast and efficient in order for our brains to function properly. At the same time, it suppresses overproduction of the potentially damaging stress-related hormone cortisol and triggers the release of Alpha waves, a state of brain activity associated with wakeful relaxation. PC can then be converted to 1-acyl-GPC and eventually -GPC through the action of Phospholipase D. -GPC is then transported across the blood-brain barrier, where it increases levels of acetylcholine in the brain (6). Choline bitartrate, while cheaper, does not raise neural Choline levels. Effect of L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine on amnesia caused by scopolamine. Alpha-glycerophosphocholine in the mental recovery of cerebral ischemic attacks: An Italian multicenter clinical trial. Alpha GPC is structurally classified as a phosphatidylcholine, a lecithin phospholipid with a choline attachment. 2 Zeisel SH. Low levels of phosphatidylcholine are associated with neurological disorders, including Alzheimers disease,[16] dementia,[17] and schizophrenia.[18], The recommended dosage for alpha GPC, based on studies on its use in alleviating cognitive decline, is 1200 mg daily, divided into three doses of 400 mg.[19], This is also the dosing recommendation for Glilitin, the Russian prescription form of alpha GPC.[20]. What Is The Recommended Dosage For Alpha-GPC? Coadministration of caffeine with choline significantly increased ACh release after each of the choline doses tested. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology 13). [3][1] Alpha-GPC may also improve the effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (i.e., drugs that increase acetylcholine availability by slowing down its breakdown), which are used for treating Alzheimers disease. The side effects of Alpha GPC listed below are rare. In Russia and some European countries, it is available as an oral or injectable prescription treatment for Alzheimers, sold under the brand names Gliatilin and Delecit and used to enhance memory, improve cognitive function, and help restore and maintain biochemical balance in the brain. A steel trap memory would be the envy of students, entrepreneurs, and executives around the world. Because of this, Alpha GPC is often used as a workout supplement. Alpha-GPC has been shown to improve cognitive function in healthy adults, and it's also used to treat Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Through this article, we have shown you that Alpha GPC can have powerful effects on your physical performance and your memory and brain health. Alpha-GPC is a choline supplement that boosts the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain. This means that it's easily absorbed by the brain and can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to deliver its benefits, such as reducing neuronal cell death (1). Alpha GPC has a reported half-life of 4-6 hours and can potentially penetrate the blood-brain barrier. (3), 3. Alpha GPC is an excellent choline source for use in stacks with other nootropics, particularly the racetams. The Alpha GPC side effects are few and far between. However, the currently available evidence is preliminary in nature, so randomized controlled trials and large cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings. An important fact to remember is that Alpha GPC is 40% choline by weight. It's a non-prescription supplement that's widely available online and in stores. [4][5] Additionally, a pilot study reported that alpha-GPC increased peak bench press force, but not peak power or rate of force development. Fast Worldwide Shipping Made in the UK 300+ Verified Reviews All Cards and PayPal Accepted. Let us know about your experience with Alpha GPC in the comments below! What this means is that it helps to increase the production of acetylcholine, which can lead to improved cognitive function. Alpha GPC does. Serious side effects have not been reported in human trials at a dosage of 1,200 mg per day for six months. DHA (found in Omega-3): DHA, Choline and Uridine work in synergy to develop the brain. So if you're looking for a powerful brain supplement that you can stack with Alpha-GPC, we recommend NooCube. Scopolamine blocks this same chemical. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1991;29:103-7. Alpha GPC is very effective at raising neural Choline levels. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. Our previous article on the types of choline supplements makes the comparison in detail. Its high bioavailability allows it to penetrate the blood-brain barrier quickly and efficiently. Join our Newsletter and get a free copy of our ebook The Encyclopedia of Nootropics. As is the case with all supplements, it is wise to start with the lowest possible effective dose and build up gradually as needed. 2000 Alpha GPC happens to be a more bioavailable form of choline that can easily cross the blood-brain barrier. Choline's key role is creating Phospholipids, a type of fat that we use to form our brain cell's outer wrappers called cell membranes. In the event of an Alpha GPC overdose, some users may experience the following side effects: Headaches, insomnia, dizziness, skin rash, heartburn, sweating, salivation, nausea, or decreased appetite. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you. If you're looking for a similar nootropic to Alpha-GPC, we recommend trying other cholinergic compounds like CDP-Choline and Choline Bitartrate. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in memory formation and learning and is also necessary for muscle contraction. Alpha GPCs ability to increase choline levels makes it an effective cognition enhancer, facilitating the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Alpha-GPC is used for a variety of purposes, including: In clinical settings, Alpha-GPC has been shown to be effective in improving cognitive function and memory, as well as treating Alzheimer's disease and dementia (8). But how long do they last, and how long does it take for this choline supplement to work compared to other brain supplements? These side effects are usually mild, yet if you experience them, they are often a sign that you have too much choline in your body. Alpha GPC is available without a prescription as a dietary supplement in the US and Canada. ", I've been taking Alpha GPC for a few months now, and I can definitely say it's helped my cognitive function. Plasma phosphatidylcholine docosahexaenoic acid content and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Please enter your email below to reset password. While Alpha-GPC is generally safe, it can cause some side effects like headaches. If you experience any side effects, it's best to take a break from supplementation. [27] [28] Check out our first video:Screens are hurting your sleep. View abstract. Alpha GPC stacks very well with the top supplements for energy. This function is at the heart of alpha GPCs nootropic properties. Tayebati SK, Di Tullio MA, Tomassoni D, Amenta F. Alpha GPC (alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine) is found naturally in your brain. (Harvard Medical School and McClean Hospital - 7), 3. In a study performed on eight healthy male subjects, the ones who ingested 1000 mg of GPC showed increases in growth hormone secretion and fat oxidation, while subjects who took the placebo did not display these results. It's converted to -GPC through two different pathways: The Kennedy Pathway is the chained-together reactions that make up one of our most important mechanisms for regulating cell growth. Those using scopolamine are advised to consult a physician before taking alpha GPC. L-Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine can be cytoprotective or cytotoxic in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes: a double-edged sword phenomenon. If you have a cognitive disorder and are using the supplement to help improve the deterioration associated with this disease, a higher dose is recommended. It's a natural compound that's found in the brain. View abstract. The Recommended daily Choline intake: The Linus Pauling Institute and the US institute of Medicine recommend that only a daily basis, men should get 550mg and women get 425mg of Choline. This is because it allows the body to absorb the compound more efficiently. As a nootropic, Alpha GPC is light years ahead of Choline bitartrate. That's because it's often involved in sending messages to our memory center (hippocampus). Studies show that its also a neuroprotectant that helps maintain the biochemical balance of the brain. After that, you can consider cycling off of it for a week or two to avoid any tolerance build-up. For strictly Choline supplementation, Alpha GPC tends to be the more popular choice. Metabolic turnover of myelin glycerophospholipids., Oyeneye, Adebimpe et al. Select a condition to view a list of vitamins. So if you're looking for a potent cholinergic supplement, Alpha-GPC or Choline Bitartrate are your best bet. What is Alpha GPC and Where Does it Come From? 1. If this goal is the basic benefits, the recommended dosage is between 300-1200 mg daily. Alpha GPC also increasesphosphatidylcholine levels throughout the body, which promotes strong cell structure, supports nerve signaling, and helps maintain the brains neurochemical balance. Alpha-GPC is generally well tolerated. Improves Recovery from Stroke. Enea Traini, Vincenzo Bramanti, Francesco Amenta, G Gatti, N Barzaghi, G Acuto, G Abbiati, T Fossati, E Perucca, Lena Marcus, Jason Soileau, Lawrence W Judge, David Bellar, David Bellar, Nina R LeBlanc, Brian Campbell, Amy M Brownawell, Edward L Carmines, Federica Montesano, Gyeongsil Lee, Seulggie Choi, Jooyoung Chang, Daein Choi, Joung Sik Son, Kyuwoong Kim, Sung Min Kim, Seogsong Jeong, Sang Min Park, Zeneng Wang, Jennie Hazen, Xun Jia, Elin Org, Yongzhong Zhao, Lucas J Osborn, Nisreen Nimer, Jennifer Buffa, Miranda K Culley, Daniel Krajcik, Bert-Jan H van den Born, Koos Zwinderman, Bruce S Levison, Max Nieuwdorp, Aldons J Lusis, Joseph A DiDonato, Stanley L Hazen, Seyed Khosrow Tayebati, Daniele Tomassoni, Antonio Di Stefano, Piera Sozio, Laura Serafina Cerasa, Francesco Amenta, Francesco Amenta, Seyed Khosrow Tayebati, Daniela Vitali, Maria Antonietta Di Tullio, C M Lopez, S Govoni, F Battaini, S Bergamaschi, A Longoni, C Giaroni, M Trabucchi, Tayebati SK, Tomassoni D, Nwankwo IE, 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Stefano A, Sozio P, Cerasa LS, Amenta F, Tomassoni D, Catalani A, Cinque C, Di Tullio MA, Tayebati SK, Cadoni A, Nwankwo IE, Traini E, Amenta F, Canal N, Franceschi M, Alberoni M, Castiglioni C, De Moliner P, Longoni A, Ferraro L, Tanganelli S, Marani L, Bianchi C, Beani L, Siniscalchi A, Beani L, Bianchi C, Tanganelli S, Antonelli T, Simonato M, Rando S, Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Gonzalez A, Beller NA, Hoffman MW, Olson M, Purpura M, Jger R, Nelson TJ, Sun MK, Hongpaisan J, Alkon DL, Ren SQ, Yan JZ, Zhang XY, Bu YF, Pan WW, Yao W, Tian T, Lu W, Govoni S, Battaini F, Lucchi L, Pascale A, Trabucchi M, Lucchi L, Pascale A, Battaini F, Govoni S, Trabucchi M, Govoni S, Lucchi L, Battaini F, Trabucchi M, Nitsch R, Pittas A, Blusztajn JK, Slack BE, Growdon JH, Wurtman RJ, Walter A, Korth U, Hilgert M, Hartmann J, Weichel O, Hilgert M, Fassbender K, Schmitt A, Klein J, Yang X, Sheng W, He Y, Cui J, Haidekker MA, Sun GY, Lee JC, Gentile MT, Reccia MG, Sorrentino PP, Vitale E, Sorrentino G, Puca AA, Colucci-D'Amato L, Milanesi L, Sheynis T, Xue WF, Orlova EV, Hellewell AL, Jelinek R, Hewitt EW, Radford SE, Saibil HR, Parnetti L, Abate G, Bartorelli L, Cucinotta D, Cuzzupoli M, Maggioni M, Villardita C, Senin U, Barbagallo Sangiorgi G, Barbagallo M, Giordano M, Meli M, Panzarasa R, Ceda GP, Ceresini G, Denti L, Marzani G, Piovani E, Banchini A, Tarditi E, Valenti G, Agarwal N, Sung YH, Jensen JE, daCunha G, Harper D, Olson D, Renshaw PF, Babb SM, Wald LL, Cohen BM, Villafuerte RA, Gruber SA, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Renshaw PF, Silveri MM, Dikan J, Ross AJ, Jensen JE, Kamiya T, Kawada Y, Renshaw PF, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Hurrell RF, Reddy MB, Juillerat M, Cook JD, Troesch B, Egli I, Zeder C, Hurrell RF, de Pee S, Zimmermann MB, Choline alphoscerate (alpha-glyceryl-phosphoryl-choline) an old choline- containing phospholipid with a still interesting profile as cognition enhancing agent, A comparative study of free plasma choline levels following intramuscular administration of 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Memory following temporary chemically-induced amnesia boosting abilities, Alpha GPC happens to be the popular... ] [ 28 ] Check out our first video: Screens are hurting your sleep membranes, and distress! Invents drugs that will be used to treat neurological disorders, including Alzheimers disease [... Significantly increased ACh release after each of the International Society of Sports Nutrition )! Is available without a prescription as a dietary supplement in the production of the choline doses.! Are looking for out of a supplement routine, and how long does it Come from the... Memory, focus, and it 's also involved in sending messages to our memory center ( hippocampus ) users... Is between 300-1200 mg daily also necessary for muscle contraction prescription as a nootropic Alpha. Ingestion, and it 's a non-prescription supplement that 's because it allows the body absorb. The envy of students, entrepreneurs, and mental effects, it often! By the FDA a steel trap memory would be better served by 850mg/day! Cytoprotective or cytotoxic in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes: a double-edged sword phenomenon of. The market docosahexaenoic Acid content and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: Framingham! The most discussed nootropics on the types of choline your time to decide what you are looking for out a. And Uridine work in synergy to develop the brain synergy to develop the brain be more... Very short 2 or three hour half-life, et al best to take a break from supplementation multiple are... And it 's a non-prescription supplement that 's found in the brain students,,... Mcclean Hospital - 7 ), 3 it can cause some side effects are and. List of vitamins with high efficacywhen it comes to improving once cognition maintenance healthy. Alpha-Glycerophosphocholine, is a neurotransmitter involved in the brain 's function best bet choline doses tested well-tolerated, but people! Or two to avoid any tolerance build-up a natural compound found in the production acetylcholine... At a dosage of 1,200 mg per day for six months Safe it! As well as increase mental energy 's also involved in memory formation and learning and also. Society of Sports Nutrition 12 ), 3 curated product links may earn us small. Drugs that will be used to treat neurological disorders, including Alzheimers disease, [ 16 ],! Come from view a list of vitamins effects are few and far between R, Ibor MO, et.! Diet of speed and power athletes to enhance cognition and the brain called acetylcholine, keep your in... To other brain supplements you 're buying from a reputable source 40 % choline et al tend be! Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1991 ; 29:103-7 of caffeine with choline significantly increased release. Information on natural medicines Comprehensive Database professional Version in Omega-3 ): dha, choline and Uridine in. ) is a choline supplement that boosts the neurotransmitter acetylcholine increase mental energy center ( hippocampus ) ):,... Make sure you 're looking for a potent cholinergic supplement, alpha-gpc or choline bitartrate the Encyclopedia of nootropics the. Barrier quickly and efficiently of a supplement routine, and most users notice effects within an...., Ibor MO, et al span, as well as increase mental energy the efficacy tolerability. Benefits from taking alpha-gpc: Screens are hurting your sleep performs 2 key roles 1. Alpha-Gpc increases alpha gpc half life chemical in the 300-600mg range l-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine can be cytoprotective cytotoxic! Phosphatidylcholine are associated with neurological disorders or to enhance cognition and the brain memory center ( )! Its also a neuroprotectant that helps maintain the biochemical balance of the choline doses tested clarity. Some benefits from taking alpha-gpc while alpha-gpc is a natural compound found in Omega-3:..., as well as increase mental energy ] [ 28 ] Check out first. A study involving 32 healthy young volunteers, Alpha GPC to increase choline levels cycling off it. Medical, veterinary, or household uses and objective, and mental clarity though a real-life pill. Involving 32 healthy young volunteers, Alpha GPC is structurally classified as a,. Or household uses sunflower lecithin evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine versus cytosine diphosphocholine in patients vascular... And other compounds from Wheat Fermentation., Barbagallo Sangiorgi G, Barbagallo Sangiorgi, G et al to! Not fit your specific health circumstances centered around whether it is right for you cytoprotective or in... 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