[120] Indian peasants were also quick to adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650. [74], Contemporary chroniclers bewailed the decay they witnessed, a theme picked up by the first British historians who wanted to underscore the need for a British-led rejuvenation. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. Overall, the empire-building processes of conquest, colonization, and economic influence allowed empire-builders to exert power over territories. . After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. These included the al-Hidayah (the best guidance) and the Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniyya (religious decisions of the Emire Tatarkhan). Gender: Male. [146] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871. Taking advantage of civil wars among the descendants of Shr Shah, Humyn captured Lahore in February 1555, and, after defeating Sikandar Sr, the rebel Afghan governor of the Punjab, at Sirhind, he recovered Delhi and Agra that July. The Sur Empire (15401555), founded by Sher Shah Suri (reigned 15401545), briefly interrupted Mughal rule. The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early-modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its legacy in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan seen in cultural contributions such as: The Mughals made a major contribution to the Indian subcontinent with the development of their unique Indo-Persian architecture. 0jcD During his reign, Aurangzeb conducted a continuous campaign to impel Mughal authority deep into . Free Essay: Shhn-e Moul The Mughal Empire 1526-1858 Flag of the Mughal Empire Flag Map of Mughal Empire in 1700 CE Mughal Empire (green) during its. The Empire he founded was a sophisticated civilisation based on religious toleration. [183], In A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, James Riddick Partington described Indian rockets and explosive mines:[179]. endobj The heavy taxes he levied impoverished the farming population. 13 0 obj Bburs son Humyn inherited the hope rather than the fact of empire, because the Afghans and Rajputs were merely restrained but not reconciled to Mughal supremacy by the Mughal victories at Panipat (1526), Khanua (1527), and the Ghaghara (1529). [93], The Mughal Empire also drew on Persianate notions of kingship. [127], Bengal accounted for more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks imported by the Dutch from Asia,[124] Bengali silk and cotton textiles were exported in large quantities to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan,[9]:202 and Bengali muslin textiles from Dhaka were sold in Central Asia, where they were known as "Dhaka textiles". xZmoV)~TS+U2jFl\(6y~l t8.3q^g{_OD;D9y_ EVr2M9keo_3PaP The Muslim Governer of Hydrabad in southern India rebelled and established a separate Shi'a state; he also reintroduced religious toleration. Around the mid-seventh century, followed by the lead of Muhammad, Muslims conquered a huge area including Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa . The Mughals brought many changes to India: There had been Muslims in India long before the Mughals. E%ipUiO,tc76dadEhel($!# C)tB2E$ju]`nEF{9HhC5inxF Aurangzeb ruled for nearly 50 years. Studies 26 (2011): 97. endobj [85][83] Parganas were the basic administrative unit of the Mughal empire. The Mughals were Muslims who ruled a country with a large Hindu majority. Akbar's son, Emperor Jahangir, readopted Islam as the state religion and continued the policy of religious toleration. By April 1526 he was in control of Delhi and Agra and held the keys to conquer Hindustan. 481 words. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> % Document #4, an oral account from an English visitor to the Mughal Court, examines Nur Jahan's role in the Mughal Empire as an absolute monarch, in a time where women were extremely . The perfume of your fame far exceeds the scent of roses and jasmine. Instead he had great ideas about civilisation, architecture and administration. This was larger than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not exceed 13% of its total population,[142] while British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era. In both locations, the Spanish essentially destroyed the empires and installed their own political systems, with viceroys who served under the Spanish crown and a hierarchical class system that gave preference to those of European ancestry. [61] With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb (r.16581707), seized the throne. He captured the Turkic Ghur'iat Sultanate of Delhi in 1526, imposing his rule on most of Northern India. A French physician describes the emperors practice of nourish[ing] jealousies among the local rajahs, many of whom commanded armies larger than those of the emperor, to distract the rajahs from ever threatening his power. [121], According to economic historian Immanuel Wallerstein, citing evidence from Irfan Habib, Percival Spear, and Ashok Desai, per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th-century Mughal India were probably higher than in 17th-century Europe and certainly higher than early 20th-century British India. 3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires. [115] However, in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites, wages were depressed for manual labour. Land-Based Empires of 1450-1750. x\G}'&. UmC#{V[0?rNfSm+y|j3=,,Mao4t^[~}eeh-yr4my(Me7&7Wws}O9l8X!pl[}3C_4]@*=6t8&yb)|/^e#>9^Um :wb`O~Kn_5i%z]eCH$/*6#E]]qEYzs|ev;cH?1EkgWr[,Ne~_E=lSdCtiL>G-u0w^] `1-[2PmWC:`Y=0tGk_X a3? -:Vh|qp-`{aWH9~rsi0g.v}M 85S5Z]eunEEX4 ]UE|VIZo .F3|wMMhnwk>8s}Gd'=#dHsg9?'C%Y|Hm]hdA,7"'_X/[;;OZ.Ss"!r/45nM*"a.h\T/ This was a great activity to use to be able to give the students the chance to see primary sources from this era. [92], The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni Hanafi system of jurisprudence. <> Babur moved into Afghanistan in 1504, and then moved on to India, apparently at the invitation of some Indian princes who wanted to dispose of their ruler. In fiscal terms, the throne lost the revenues needed to pay its chief officers, the emirs (nobles) and their entourages. This compendium of Hanafi law sought to serve as a central reference for the Mughal state that dealt with the specifics of the South Asian context. The decisive victory of the Timurid forces is one reason opponents rarely met Mughal princes in pitched battle over the course of the empire's history. Being a Muslim state, the empire employed fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and therefore the fundamental institutions of Islamic law such as those of the qadi (judge), mufti (jurisconsult), and muhtasib (censor and market supervisor) were well-established in the Mughal Empire. [13] This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb,[14][15] during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. [169] Though the Mughals were of Turko-Mongol origin, their reign enacted the revival and height of the Persian language in the Indian subcontinent. [33] The use of "Mughal" and "Moghul" derived from the Arabic and Persian corruption of "Mongol", and it emphasised the Mongol origins of the Timurid dynasty. <> This DBQ explores the relationship between the Mughal Empire, through several of its leaders, prior to 1750 through 6 primary or secondary source documents. [64] He expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia,[62]:1 but at his death in 1707, "many parts of the empire were in open revolt". Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them. [9] The dam's value was later worth 30 to a rupee towards the end of Jahangir's reign, and then 16 to a rupee by the 1660s. In 1876 the British Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India. Ottoman Empire: Suleyman the Lawgiver (1520-1566) Selim's son Conquered European city of Belgrade in 1521 Military conquest in N. Africa, C. Europe, E. Med. [98] India was producing 24.5% of the world's manufacturing output up until 1750. More prestigious positions were those of the qadi al-quddat (judge of judges) who accompanied the mobile imperial camp, and the qadi-yi lashkar (judge of the army). 147 0 obj <> endobj Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information. <> endobj When additional factors, such as epidemic disease, also played a role, as they did in the Americas, the empire-builders could sometimes briskly overthrow and replace the original political structures. It was a mixture of Persian, Mongol and Indian culture. 1128 Words5 Pages. . Topics. x\[o[~7p`D Add highlights, virtual manipulatives, and more. [144] This was higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century;[144] the level of urbanization in Europe did not reach 15% until the 19th century. Jahangir also began building the magnificent monuments and gardens by which the Mughals are chiefly remembered today, importing hundreds of Persian architects to build palaces and create magnificent gardens. Thousands of Hindu temples and shrines were torn down and a punitive tax on Hindu subjects was re-imposed. No approval by, nor association with, the creators of the CCSS is intended or implied. V:-t9ki 1,xmvl5-} n,k&3*? [60], Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well. As opposed to the polybolos and repeating crossbows used earlier in ancient Greece and China, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple gun barrels that fired hand cannons loaded with gunpowder. [9] Under Babur Hinduism was tolerated and new Hindu temples were built with his permission. uJ+t?P&6V`#O;y\nxRS =y}iO-*xp}.kTT_wP}}9oek$"/M\BGneKpVc8UCb8n%f}2gtGp%XyS )"-Mb @|C-HyJwlQ nk{VjF""y=D6y'X8{OB Rm&e5XrA|j%0& TRP?ODcBHSEuxyw1zbK{ [181], In the sixteenth century, Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans, particularly against war elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal. During the Mughal Empire's peak, the Fatawa 'Alamgiri was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb. Between 1519 and 1524when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahorehe showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure. % Trade with the rest of the Islamic world, especially Persia and through Persia to Europe, was encouraged. Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals. [86], Mughal administrative divisions were not static. Jahangir's approach was typified by the development of Urdu as the official language of Empire. The British East India Company later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in seaworthiness and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution. The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a warrior chieftain from what is today Uzbekistan, who employed aid from the neighboring Safavid and Ottoman empires,[12] to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in the First Battle of Panipat, and to sweep down the plains of North India. [138][pageneeded] Its handloom industry flourished under royal warrants, making the region a hub of the worldwide muslin trade, which peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries. [144] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,[144] with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people, Lahore (in Lahore Subah) with up to 700,000 people,[149] Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people,[150][full citation needed] and Delhi (in Delhi Subah) with over 600,000 people. This discriminatory tax had been much resented, and ending it was a popular move. 625 Words. The qadi also had additional importance with regards to documents, as the seal of the qadi was required to validate deeds and tax records. Gunpowder Empires DBQ Sample. hVp 7pw~"\8NZ9IqetfB-4 N/'^Jug:i+&ljaT)0'C AdQ,/2JM,9&yd3dY(+r 5&gfWd*4_0fhha=w_p],tW^ZC|p7"~l`SaSENm5oF[EdVPsxV 2Z+v' ?6/)`VHB7&C2Z0F0F5U="2P]BbEQw4QUr&a{g+> . [35] Similar transliterations had been used to refer to the empire, including "Mogul" and "Moghul". A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals, who were Muslims, to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state. The money Jahan spent on buildings and on various military projects emptied his treasury and he was forced to raise taxes, which aggravated the people of the empire. The hierarchy of division was ambiguous sometimes, as a territory could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions. [99] India's GDP growth increased over the 1500-1820 period, having grown faster than over the 1-1000 and 1000-1500 periods. Subjects of the Mughal Empire also took their grievances to the courts of superior officials who held more authority and punitive power than the local qadi. He defeated Babar in the Battle of Bayana. From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader . Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators, AP World History: Modern Past Exam Questions. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay question using the documents wraps up the DBQ. All the images I've used are in the public domain, credited or created by myself. "The Urdu language reforms." It may be considered a version of a volley gun. Eighteenth-Century Political Formations Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 10 Long Answers Type Question 1. They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic. He encouraged conversion to Islam, reinstated the jizya on non-Muslims, and compiled the Fatawa 'Alamgiri, a collection of Islamic law. `RW -v7yE|!%M,iD"H.E a9/ &zD{ob[S^L{V*0s uC!su4$A-D3xc`GA$P4)U>J-}}=H=nea^}^TsY7&;// yA%. Unit 3: . i1 fbG(/,a-7gggi`Vw)qjO64MO`" [53][54] He "was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques". The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities, and made their own deals with local men of influence. Which Mughal King popularised the use of Gun Powder and artillery in India? Qadis did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. [110] That could be comparable to advance part of Europe. endobj yw>}Fy `WoyzdV] +CUR`,`@cR4Et%!nH,3R+i#e`V_cinzVnOfOg={`IZK[1C8Xl+7Gjyl)var(Gb? /AW[pm[/) ]Rp-d)I7^6},np*EC[Vna`)NN$$b8c"C#2AJvigPn_Z9YRrAg qS{H 1.s?+B!S8"Se6J(]9Klq-cd-Q &1a:^%86 "cO =Ey12gGce`s"b&v kN5=$',`BLCJF1'Lb0rdH\Zh+L; Document 2 references the Mexica peoples violent devastation at the hands of the Spanish, with a hundred falling at each discharge of guns. While Cortes attributes his victory to Gods favor due to fight- ing for his faith and king, tangible factors gave him the practical advantage: horses (which were not native to the Americas), guns, the Mexicas unfamiliarity with such weapons, and the support of local allies. That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower. %PDF-1.5 [118] Bengal was later described as the Paradise of Nations by Mughal emperors. 18 0 obj Shiism. Different rulers used different methods to rule over the Mughal Empire. [90], After Aurangzeb, the Mughal capital definitively became the walled city of Shahjahanabad (today Old Delhi). "[30], Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid Empire,[31] which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves. 199 Words. The Emperor proclaimed an entirely new state religion of 'God-ism' (Din-i-ilahi) - a jumble of Islamic, Hindu, Christian and Buddhist teaching with himself as deity. A later Muslim invasion in 1398 devastated the city of Delhi. [ 11 0 R] Jahan brought together fresh ideas in the creation of the Taj. Document 1 also affirms the potential of economics to provide inroads to political power: King Afonso I of Kongo in Africa appeals to the King of Portugal about the behavior of Portuguese merchants, who are undermining King Afonsos power by enrich- ing his vassals, making them no longer content and subjected under our control. King Afonsos highly submissive tone (I kiss your hand many times) may indicate not genuine submission to the King of Portugal, but rather an understanding of the threat that economic power has on his political power. [43] India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. ]IX; 2fxj~Nf2DxN/qp H;3JU1HU[pyg= 4lT'gYz{Y.M=o`T3Vk`L5T^1.=/qa]u[~ N5:fG8'X'OQBrhO_,W=S4thV_Qa-^B {ySav+)Ac:8N *cVxT! He no longer allowed the Hindu community to live under their own laws and customs, but imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over the whole empire. As you . [9], The historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century British India, where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy. In the case of Islam and the influence of it on the other nations and era, changing is always for getting better. Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith. Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. Another ministry was dedicated to the imperial household and public works. <> [95], The jagirdar (local tax collector) was another kind of official approached, especially for high-stakes cases. Bahdur Shah of Gujarat, encouraged by Afghan and Mughal migrs, challenged the Mughals in Rajasthan, and, although Humyn occupied Gujarat in 1535, the danger there ended only with Bahdurs death in 1537. <> [92][94] The jurisdiction of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. [184], While there appears to have been little concern for theoretical astronomy, Mughal astronomers made advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises. Some said rose, from whose petals were distilled the precious ittar, others, the lotus, glory of every Indian village. [9] Around 80% of Mughal India's imports were bullion, mostly silver,[104] with major sources of imported bullion including the New World and Japan,[103] which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the Bengal Subah province. When was the First attack of Babur in India? Spend the 15-minute reading period analyzing the documents themselves, thinking for each document about its authorship/historical situation, main idea, and why it was written. Learn about the Mughal Empire that ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries. G`dN4$Cz.7r QUICK FACTS. By describing this potential threat to the emperor, the document hints at the potential for outsiders to take advantage of the political instability, as indeed the British merchants extended their economic influence into political control. endobj [166] For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as Ustad Mansur to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire. 7 0 obj The Arab empire had a better trade than the byzantine empire. Black, Jeremy. The Taj Mahal marks the apex of the Mughal Empire; it symbolises stability, power and confidence. In Cuzco, the Inca Capital, there was a major gold-covered sun temple constructed high above most of the city, allowing the rulers to conduct elaborate ceremonies in full view of their subjects. [138] By the late 18th century, the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal. This page was last edited on 13 April 2023, at 21:40. [86], The Mughals had multiple imperial capitals, established over the course of their rule. Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughl ("Mongol"), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. [178] In India, guns made of bronze were recovered from Calicut (1504) and Diu (1533). [102] The Mughals minted coins with high purity, never dropping below 96%, and without debasement until the 1720s. These rockets turned fortunes in favour of the Sultanate of Mysore during the Second Anglo-Mysore War, particularly during the Battle of Pollilur. [135] Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Fatehpur Sikri was the new capital built by Akbar, as a part of his attempt to absorb other religions into Islam. argumentative Essay. His court included large numbers of Indian Hindus, Persian Shi'a and Sufis and members of local heterodox Islamic sects. This DBQ has been updated with a page outlining the English Language Arts/History/Social Studies grades 9-10 as outline at http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/9-10 and http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/11-12. Historians have offered numerous explanations for the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. is useful as homework, test review or substitute teacher lesson. In the first half of the 10th century a Muslim ruler of Afghanistan invaded the Punjab 11 times, without much political success, but taking away a great deal of loot. It is intended to support the implementation of the CCSS. TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. Countries sending large numbers of settlers was another effective method of empire-building. [107][108] This, however, is disputed by Parthasarathi and Sivramkrishna. hVY6|lI3=nu6m5HHIli: &>d`#=$pK&Ea7rp8q A/_D+=UTF 9q.Rmu2Tr9_Zn#b+a:+.g8 k.-p # |/(P.J0q&tii L4X(A:MeXs40W`\g7HadI!KXBgF*&cWyqj1#KPB'} Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. 008g,:sVf"fWigbqCitVY*YFXP`Kp#GGK6p4(i4h Ab`RP>#D"@w5)fb>_YYy`'+a4# q(u`>; XzhT qu Cause 1: military conquest destruction, Cause 2: colonization replace native populations governments, Cause 3: military + colonization + economic influence gradual political power, conclusion: 3 processes; when additional factors (disease in Americas) briskly replaced political structures; India more complex interplay of processes, [RELATED: AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question ], The extremes of military conquest sometimes resulted in the destruction of the native populations political structures. 165 0 obj <>stream Paradise it may have been, but it was a pricey paradise. <> endobj endobj 2 0 obj The building is a mausoleum built by Jahan for his wife Mumtaz and it has come to symbolise the love between two people. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective rule over much of India; for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent; and for its administrative organization. Such officials included the kotwal (local police), the faujdar (an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the subahdar (provincial governor). During Aurangzeb's reign (1658-1707), the economy of the Mughal Empire began to decline. Rose through Religious tolerance, meritocracy in military, Commerce. Many also came from other parts of the Islamic world - calligraphers from Shiraz, finial makers from Samrkand, and stone and flower cutters from Bukhara. [92], The Mughal economy was large and prosperous. DBQ on Gunpowder Empires Question: Based on the following documents, discuss and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Ottomans, Safavid, and Mughal empires by 1700. 12 0 obj In the early 18th century, he built several large observatories called Yantra Mandirs, in order to rival Ulugh Beg's Samarkand observatory, and in order to improve on the earlier Hindu computations in the Siddhantas and Islamic observations in Zij-i-Sultani. 1800 Time Period ( remember : 18th century = 1700s , and so on ) DOCUMENT WORK ( preliminary ) Main Idea Outside Evidence HAPP ( HIPP ) Document 1 Safavid military and militia were well trained and knew how to handle gunpowder weapons Document 2 Mughal empire invested a lot of money into different expenditures , paying a lot to their military Audience : Austrian Emperor Document 3 Ottoman . 108 ] this, However, in a text ; determine whether earlier caused! Further distinction was the First attack of Babur in India long before the battle Pollilur... 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