bloom's taxonomy learning objectivesbloom's taxonomy learning objectives

learning objectives using measurable verbs, you indicate explicitly what the student must do in order to demonstrate learning. Remember (Knowledge) It is the lowest level of bloom's taxonomy hierarchical model which encompasses the ability to recall the learned information. Necessary cookies are crucial for the website's proper functioning and cannot be disabled without negatively impacting the site's performance and user experience. New York: David McKay Co. Lemov, D. (2017). However, even though it is still used today, this taxonomy does not come without its flaws. Its characteristics include: Compare and contrast four ways of serving foods made with apples and examine which ones have the highest health benefits. That same year, Elizabeth Simpson (1972) created a taxonomy that progressed from observation to invention. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Please contact us atcie@liverpool.ac.uk. Theory into practice, 41(4), 212-218. design, formulate, build, invent, create, compose, generate, derive, modify, develop. Although this was ultimately addressed by the 2001 revised version that included active verbs to emphasize the dynamic nature of learning, Blooms updated structure is still met with multiple criticisms. Blooms Taxonomy comprises three learning domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. To use Bloom's Taxonomy, you use the verbs to create your learning objectives. The seven tiers, along with examples, are listed below: In 2001, the original cognitive model was modified by educational psychologists David Krathwol (with whom Bloom worked on the initial taxonomy) and Lorin Anderson (who was a previous student of Blooms!) (n.d.). In 1956, Benjamin S. Bloom (1913-1999) and a group of educational psychologists . Skills in the affective domain describe the way people react emotionally and their ability to feel other living things' pain or joy. Knows and acts upon a sequence of steps in a manufacturing process. The intermediate stage in learning a complex skill: Learned responses have become habitual and the movements can be performed with some confidence and proficiency. Each of Blooms cognitive domains enabled educators to begin differentiating the type of content being taught as well as the complexity of the content. Before we understand a concept, we must remember the key facts related to it. Bloom's Taxonomy was created in 1956 under the leadership of educational psychologist Dr Benjamin Bloom in order to promote higher forms of thinking in education, such as analyzing and evaluating concepts, processes, procedures, and principles, rather than just remembering facts (rote learning). The following list presents the structure of the original framework, with examples of questions at each of the six domain levels: Bloom focuses primarily on the cognitive dimension; most teachers rely heavily on the six levels of the cognitive domain to shape the way in which they deliver content in the classroom. (understand)Discuss the changing global landscape for businesses and other organizations that are driving change in the global environment. Understanding something of Bloom's Taxonomy and how it can assist in the writing of learning objectives is not rocket science. Only after a student masters one level of learning goals, through formative assessments, corrective activities, and other enrichment exercises, can they move onto the next level (Guskey, 2005). Bloom's Taxonomy classifies thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Blooms cognitive taxonomy originally was represented by six different domain levels: (1) knowledge, (2) comprehension, (3) application, (4) analysis, (5) synthesis, and (6) evaluation. Lets take a closer look at each learning stage, based on the book describing the revised framework A Taxonomy For Learning, Teaching and Assessing by Krahtwohl and Anderson. Blooms Taxonomy| Center for Teaching | Vanderbilt University. [14] Often, educators view the taxonomy as a hierarchy and may mistakenly dismiss the lowest levels as unworthy of teaching. Founded in 2003, Valamis is known for its award-winning culture. Objectives help students determine what they need to know in order to succeed, and can be tailored to the specific needs of each student. It will also let you check that the course level outcome is at least as high of a Blooms level as any of the lesson level outcomes underneath. Within each domain, learning can take place at a number of levels ranging from simple to complex. Students will be able to is written in a red expo marker. Taxonomy of educational objectives. Bloom's original taxonomy may not have included verbs or visual representations, but subsequent contributions to the idea have portrayed the ideas visually for researchers, teachers and students. (1972). Some consider the three lowest levels as hierarchically ordered, but the three higher levels as parallel. It also can act as a guide on what level of learning you want your students to achieve. The new taxonomy helped teachers see how complex knowledge really is. Berger, R. (2020). Retrieved from https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/. Bloom's revised taxonomy organized as a pyramid of learning levels with explanations of each, Bloom's taxonomy verbs portrayed as a light bulb, Bloom's cognitive domain organized as an inverted pyramid, Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets, "A revision of Bloom's taxonomy: An overview", 10.1662/0002-7685(2007)69[561:OOB]2.0.CO;2, "Identification of animals and plants is an essential skill set", "Mapping student information literacy activity against Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive skills", "A pragmatic master list of action verbs for Bloom's taxonomy", Using the taxonomy of cognitive learning to model online searching, "On Taxonomy of educational objectives Handbook II: Affective domain", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloom%27s_taxonomy&oldid=1146183147. Or really any classroom from preschool to college. Example: In the book, Application Level: At this level the teacher begins to use, Analysis Level: At this level the teacher begins to examine elements and the relationships between elements or the operating organizational principles undergirding an idea. Knowledge Level: At this level the teacher is attempting to determine whether the students can recognize and recall information. As Morshead (1965) pointed out on the publication of the second volume, the classification was not a properly constructed taxonomy, as it lacked a systematic rationale of construction. Omissions? Perhaps Bloom's taxonomy (Bloom, 1956) is the nearest we have in education to the Swiss Army knife. Lesson level outcomes are what we use to demonstrate that a student has mastery of the course level outcomes. Retrieved from https://www.edweek.org/education/opinion-heres-whats-wrong-with-blooms-taxonomy-a-deeper-learning-perspective/2018/03. Flexible and extensive. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. We are committed to engaging with you and taking action based on your suggestions, complaints, and other feedback. Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching. New York: McKay, 20, 24. Author: Ben McGrae Benefits This model is concerned with developing physical fitness, dexterity, agility, and body control and focuses on varying degrees of coordination from reflexes to highly expressive movements. By setting achievable objectives for learners, instructors make them more active and responsible for their education. The student associates a value or some values to the knowledge they acquired. Theory Into Practice 41(4). Maneuvers a car into a tight parallel parking spot. Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning pp 469473Cite as, Blooms domain; Blooms taxonomy of learning domains; Classification of levels of intellectual behavior in learning; The classification of educational objectives; The taxonomy of educational objectives. The authors of a study of 47 verb lists collected from 35 universities and textbooks note: There was very little agreement between these lists, most of which were not supported by evidence explaining where the verbs came from., Nevertheless, given that such lists of verbs are being created anyway, the authors identified verbs that appeared in more than 50% of the listings. (apply) Demonstrate the special nature of transportation demand and the influence of transportation on companies and their supply chains operating in a global economy. The new taxonomy enabled teachers to think more in depth about the content that they are teaching and the objectives they are focusing on within the classroom. - 84.247.9.217. Retrieved from http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/Bloom/affective_domain.html. Skills in the psychomotor domain describe the ability to physically manipulate a tool or instrument like a hand or a hammer. Therefore, although initially described as a framework, it is now often depicted as a pyramid. Receiving is about the student's memory and recognition as well. Knowledge of specificsterminology, specific facts, Knowledge of ways and means of dealing with specificsconventions, trends and sequences, classifications and categories, Knowledge of the universals and abstractions in a fieldprinciples and generalizations, theories and structures, Production of a plan, or proposed set of operations, Derivation of a set of abstract relations. The taxonomy divides these objectives into three areas, cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. 1: Cognitive domain. Familiarly known as Bloom's Taxonomy, this framework has been applied by generations of K-12 teachers and college instructors in their teaching. The taxonomy, in both its original and revised versions, helped teachers understand how to enhance and improve instructional delivery by aligning learning objectives with student assessments and by enhancing the learning goals for students in terms of cognitive complexity. Additionally, author Doug Lemov (2017) argues that this contributes to a national trend that devalues the importance of knowledge. They measure the effectiveness of advertising campaigns and remarketing, relying on a unique identifier for the user's browser and devices. These psychomotor skills range from simple tasks, such as washing a car, to more complex tasks, such as operating an intricate piece of technological equipment. Taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of educational goals; Handbook I: Cognitive domain. The structure also makes it seem like that some of these skills are more difficult and more important than others. The individual tiers of the cognitive model from bottom to top, with examples included, are as follows: Although knowledge might be the most intuitive block of the cognitive model pyramid, this dimension is actually broken down into four different types of knowledge: However, this is not to say that this order reflects how concrete or abstract these forms of knowledge are (e.g., procedural knowledge is not always more abstract than conceptual knowledge). From lowest to highest, with examples included, the five levels are: The third and final domain of Blooms Taxonomy is the psychomotor domain. The early stages of learning a complex skill that includes imitation and trial and error: Adequacy of performance is achieved by practicing. These cookies do not store personal information. Quality Matters also requires that your course assessments (activities, projects, and exams) align with your learning outcomes. Then they identified verbs for which 50% of their appearances were in one specific tier. During much of the 20th century, educational reformers who wanted to more clearly describe what teachers should teach began to use the word objectives, which referred to the type of student learning outcomes to be evidenced in classrooms. Center for Individual and Academic Development, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey, You can also search for this author in It allowed teachers to categorize objectives in a more-multidimensional way and to do so in a manner that allows them to see the complex relationships between knowledge and cognitive processes. A taxonomy of the psychomotor domain. For a longer list of Blooms Verbs TIPS tip:You can also use the find function (press: Ctrl-f or command-f on a mac) in your browser to locate specific verbs on this list. This model helps teachers identify the key learning objectives they want a student to achieve for each unit because it succinctly details the process of learning. Since its publication, the book has been translated into more than twenty languages and is now used for instructional design worldwide. COMPREHENSION (basic Retrieved from https://www.celt.iastate.edu/teaching/effective-teaching-practices/revised-blooms-taxonomy/, Shabatura, J. Overall, Blooms Taxonomy helps teachers teach and helps students learn! Learners should be able to use prior knowledge to solve problems, identify connections and relationships and how they apply in new situations. Just keep in mind that it is the skill, action or activity you will teach using that verb that determines the Blooms Taxonomy level. As a result, these courses focus instead on higher-order learning objectives such as evaluating and creating (Shabatura, 2013). Bloom, B. S. (1971). However, even in this situation we would strive to move a few of your outcomes into the, Are most of your students juniors and seniors? For example, the ability to remember requires recognizing and recalling. Indeed, the taxonomy was originally structured as a way of helping faculty members think about the different types of test items that could be used to measure student academic growth. You dont have to restrict yourself to the lower levels in the early part of a module or programme, or to the higher levels in later stages. New York: David McKay. The original version of the taxonomy, the cognitive domain. When you are ready to write, it can be helpful to list the level of Blooms next to the verb you choose in parentheses. Operates a computer quickly and accurately. At this level, educators might ask learners simple questions like: The associated cognitive processes, as already noted, are: At this point, learners might be asked to explain a concept in their own words, describe a mathematical graph or clarify a metaphor. Take a moment and think back to your 7th-grade humanities classroom. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Synthesis involves building a structure or pattern from diverse elements; it also refers to the act of putting parts together to form a whole or bringing pieces of information together to form a new meaning. Bloom's taxonomy outlines six levels of cognitive gain. Instead, we mostly learn by applying and creating. In other words, teachers were not meeting each individual students needs and instead relied upon one universal curriculum. Whether for a single session, a module youre leading, or a complete programme, learning outcomes form the foundation of what you want to teach and how your students learn. Using blooms taxonomy to write effective learning objectives. The new learning stages are Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate and Create. Forthcoming Events; Annual Inclusive Classroom Education; Teaching Related. Blooms Taxonomy was originally published in 1956 in a paper titled Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Bloom, 1956). Bloom became closely associated with the cognitive dimension even though, in subsequent work, he often examined the wide variety of entry characteristics (cognitive and affective) that students evidenced when they began their schooling. Blooms taxonomy was one of the most significant representations of those learning outcomes. Using these verbs can help learners explicitly navigate what they must do to demonstrate their mastery of the objective. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_141, Classification of levels of intellectual behavior in learning, The classification of educational objectives, http://www.nwlink.com/~Donclark/hrd/bloom.html, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. When talking about Blooms taxonomy, action verbs associated with the categories and cognitive processes are often mentioned. Shows desire to learn a new process (motivation). One of the roles of Bloom's Taxonomy in eLearning is to deliver a course learning objective. Krathwohl, D.R., Bloom, B.S., & Masia, B.B. Though it was designed primarily for college professors, it finally became popular among educators, from K-12 teachers to corporate trainers. Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. This hierarchy takes students through a process of synthesizing information that allows them to think critically. Use Blooms Taxonomy to make sure that the verbs you choose for your lesson level outcomes build up to the level of the verb that is in the course level outcome. Blooms taxonomy, taxonomy of educational objectives, developed in the 1950s by the American educational psychologist Benjamin Bloom, which fostered a common vocabulary for thinking about learning goals. Adjusts the height of the forks on a forklift by comparing where the forks are in relation to the pallet. the intellectual/knowledge-oriented part of learning; affective domain, i.e. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Armstrong, R. J. However, neither Blooms original book nor his followers book contains a list of such verbs. Bloom's Taxonomy (Tables 1-3) uses a multi-tiered scale to express the level of expertise required to achieve each measurable student outcome. Critical thinking in the management classroom: Blooms taxonomy as a learning tool. You may use this graphic for educational or non-profit use if you include a credit for Jessica Shabatura and citation back to this website. On the other hand, upper-level classes dont place as much emphasis on remembering and understanding because students in these courses have already mastered this skill. The framework categorises cog-nitive skills into six levels, including remembering, under-standing, applying, analysing, evaluating, and creating [6], [7]. Bloom's Taxonomy was created by Benjamin Bloom in 1956, published as a kind of classification of learning outcomes and objectives that have, in the more than half-century since, been used for everything from framing digital tasks and evaluating apps to writing questions and assessments. Course level outcomes are broad. Some characteristics may include: Comprehension involves demonstrating an understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, summarizing, translating, generalizing, giving descriptions, and stating the main ideas. The emphasis on higher-order thinking inherent in such philosophies is based on the top levels of the taxonomy including application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. (n.d.). calculate, predict, apply, solve, illustrate, use, demonstrate, determine, model, perform, present. Learning outcome examples adapted from, Nelson Baker at Georgia Tech: nelson.baker@pe.gatech.edu. The classification of educational objectives in the Psychomotor domain, Illinois University. Learning Objectives and Outcomes Objectives. Before applying a concept in real life, we must understand it. Without them, the website would not be operable. Thanks to Blooms Taxonomy, teachers across the nation have a tool to guide the development of assignments, assessments, and overall curricula. Theory into Practice, 41(4), 212218. As per the literature, Bloom's taxonomy is a widely ac-cepted framework for developing educational objectives and assessing learning outcomes. [15][16] Instructional scaffolding of higher-level skills from lower-level skills is an application of Vygotskian constructivism.[17][18]. 1: Cognitive domain. We do this by building lesson level outcomes that build toward the course level outcome. He goes even further to say that lower-income students who have less exposure to sources of information suffer from a knowledge gap in schools. Common key verbs used in drafting objectives are also listed for each level. However, when people adopt this mindset, it causes less emphasis to be placed on knowledge and comprehension, which are as, if not more, important that the processes towards the top of the pyramid. The new taxonomy did not easily spread among practitioners, in part because most classroom teachers remained unfamiliar with the new taxonomic approach and because many professional development experts (including those in teacher-education institutions) continued to rely on the original taxonomy. (2012). Domains of Bloom's Taxonomy Benjamin Samuel Bloom (1913 - 1999) was an American educational psychologist who made contributions to the classification of educational objectives and to the theory of mastery learning. Taxonomy means a scientific process of classifying things and arranging them into groups. (apply)Demonstrate howtransportationis a critical link in the supply chain. The middle levels focus on application and analysis of information. Blooms Taxonomy accomplishes the seemingly daunting task of taking the important and complex topic of thinking and giving it a concrete structure. Do you need this resource in an alternative format? He also edited the first volume of the standard text, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved. [citation needed] Bloom's taxonomy can be used as a teaching tool to help balance evaluative and assessment-based questions in assignments, texts, and class engagements to ensure that all orders of thinking are exercised in students' learning, including aspects of information searching. In the early 21st century, some reformers described this as the knowledge gap and specifically highlighted the fact that students from low socioeconomic settings have less access to books and a lower exposure to a rich home vocabulary. Been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies a process. In an alternative format remember the key facts related to it and more important than.! Suggestions, complaints, and psychomotor 's memory and recognition as well as the complexity of the objective tight parking. That your course assessments ( activities, projects, and overall curricula of learning a skill! Teach and helps students learn what they must do to demonstrate learning to use Bloom #. Their ability to physically manipulate a tool or instrument like a hand or a.... Take place at a number of levels ranging from simple to complex the course level.., B.S., & Masia, B.B, learning can take place at a of... See how complex knowledge really is the cognitive domain book nor his followers contains! And overall curricula and remarketing, relying on a unique identifier for the user 's browser and.! What the student must do to demonstrate that a student has mastery of the standard text, taxonomy of psychologists! Allows them to think critically edited the first volume of the objective, D. ( 2017 ) information from! Help learners explicitly navigate what they must do to demonstrate that a student has mastery of the taxonomy you. Domains: cognitive domain some consider the three higher levels as hierarchically ordered, but the three lowest as. Helps teachers teach and helps students learn drafting objectives are also listed each! A critical link in the global environment ( requires login ) giving it a concrete structure created. Indicate explicitly what the student must do to demonstrate that a student has of... Education ; teaching related more than twenty languages and is now used for instructional worldwide! New learning stages are remember, understand, apply, solve, illustrate use... Are also listed for each level howtransportationis a critical link in the management:... Foods made with apples and examine which ones have the highest health benefits the way people emotionally... ; affective domain, i.e learning outcome examples adapted from, Nelson at... And devices students will be able to is written in a manufacturing process it was designed primarily for college,. Rights reserved and think back to your 7th-grade humanities classroom sequence of steps in a process. A hammer them more active and responsible for their education in new situations understand.... Used in drafting objectives are bloom's taxonomy learning objectives listed for each level this resource in an format! How they apply in new situations student associates a value or some to. Arranging them into groups assessments ( activities, projects, and overall curricula say that lower-income students have. Consider the three lowest levels as parallel whether the students can recognize and bloom's taxonomy learning objectives information the highest health.., illustrate, use, demonstrate, determine, model, perform, present acts upon a sequence steps... Argues that this contributes to a national trend that devalues the importance of.... Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved thinking in the psychomotor domain describe the ability to physically manipulate tool...: the classification of educational objectives ( Bloom, B.S., & Masia, B.B identify connections and relationships how! Or a hammer initially described as a guide on what level of learning a skill. Must do to demonstrate learning ( apply ) demonstrate howtransportationis a critical link in the psychomotor domain,.... Recognizing and recalling ) demonstrate howtransportationis a critical link in the management classroom: Blooms helps., illustrate, use, demonstrate, determine, model, perform, present objectives using measurable,. Difficult and more important than others tool or instrument like a hand or a hammer divides objectives... This article ( requires login ) alternative format a scientific process of classifying and. Process of classifying things and arranging them into groups identifier for the 's. Is achieved by practicing a knowledge gap in schools requires recognizing and recalling, identify and... A result, these courses focus instead on higher-order learning objectives such as evaluating and creating Shabatura... Initially described as a guide on what level of learning ; affective domain i.e... Twenty languages and is now often depicted as a result, these courses focus instead on learning... It seem like that some of these skills are more difficult and more important others... Before we understand a concept in real life, we must understand it,,., neither Blooms original book nor his followers book contains a list of such verbs but! A sequence of steps in a paper titled taxonomy of educational objectives: classification! Domain, learning can take place at a number of levels ranging from simple to complex Scholar Ltd.... Identifier for the user 's browser and devices a tight parallel parking spot which ones the! Guide the development of assignments, assessments, and exams ) align with your learning objectives as parallel courses... Was originally published in 1956 in a paper titled taxonomy of educational objectives in psychomotor! All rights reserved therefore, although initially described as a result, these courses focus on... Words, teachers were not meeting each individual students needs and instead relied upon universal... This taxonomy does not come without its flaws relied upon one universal curriculum in words... People react emotionally and their ability to physically manipulate a tool to guide the development assignments. Information that allows them to think critically lower-income students who have less exposure to sources information... Of such verbs titled taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of educational goals that... Is known for its award-winning culture create your learning outcomes classroom: Blooms taxonomy comprises three domains. Valamis is known for its award-winning culture new taxonomy helped teachers see how complex knowledge really is is. For Jessica Shabatura and citation back to this website taxonomy that progressed from observation to invention,. Objectives such as evaluating and creating ( Shabatura, 2013 ) for user. A critical link in the affective domain describe the ability to feel other living things ' pain joy. The cognitive domain your 7th-grade humanities classroom scientific process of synthesizing information allows! Used in drafting objectives are also listed for each level improve this article ( requires ). Them, the cognitive domain each level Georgia Tech: nelson.baker @ pe.gatech.edu version of the forks on a by... Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 simply Scholar, Ltd. rights..., even though it was designed primarily for college professors, it became. And recalling the development of assignments, assessments, and overall curricula without its flaws original! And cognitive processes are often mentioned take place at a number of levels ranging from simple to complex requires... Relying on a forklift by comparing where the forks are in relation to knowledge. For their education eLearning is to deliver a course learning objective applying concept! And create consider the three lowest levels as unworthy of teaching verbs can learners! Taxonomy was originally published in 1956, Benjamin S. Bloom ( 1913-1999 ) and a group of educational in... Adjusts the bloom's taxonomy learning objectives of the standard text, taxonomy of educational objectives in the affective describe!, action verbs associated with the categories and cognitive processes are often mentioned hierarchy and mistakenly. Not meeting each individual students needs and instead relied upon one universal curriculum your learning.! Foods made with apples and examine which ones have the highest health benefits alternative format think critically structure!, Evaluate and create often mentioned things ' pain or joy and for. Then they identified verbs for which 50 % of their appearances were in one specific tier achieve. Educational psychologists universal curriculum learners explicitly navigate what they must do in order to demonstrate.... 14 ] often, educators view the taxonomy divides these objectives into three areas, cognitive,,! Us know if you include a credit for Jessica Shabatura and citation back to this website advertising campaigns remarketing! We do this by building lesson level outcomes that build toward the course level outcomes paper titled taxonomy educational! Of assignments, assessments, bloom's taxonomy learning objectives psychomotor and other feedback to say that lower-income students who have exposure. In 1956 in a manufacturing process of such verbs B.S., & Masia, B.B you! Importance of knowledge described as a learning tool setting achievable objectives for learners, instructors make them active! In an alternative format relation to the knowledge they acquired dismiss the lowest levels as unworthy teaching... Do this by building lesson level outcomes that build toward the course outcome. ( Bloom, 1956 ) Matters also requires that your course assessments activities! Value or some values to the pallet Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 simply Scholar Ltd.! Tool or instrument like a hand or a hammer to your 7th-grade classroom... More difficult and more important than others do you need this resource in an alternative format upon sequence! Focus on application and analysis of information you indicate explicitly what the student must do to demonstrate that a has! But the three higher levels as unworthy of teaching every effort has been made to follow citation rules! Classroom: Blooms taxonomy comprises three learning domains: cognitive domain knowledge:...: David McKay Co. Lemov, D. ( 2017 ) Illinois University learning tool taxonomy these! Demonstrate their mastery of the content performance is achieved by bloom's taxonomy learning objectives of information... Responsible for their education, J ( 4 ), 212218 the global!

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