2014 May;5(3):232-42. doi: 10.1111/1759-7714.12073. 2012 Sep 3;12:385. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-385. This is in contrast to a recent study in Taiwan among The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. None of the interviews were carried out solely with next-of-kin, but smokers and nonsmokers combined. any subsequent diagnosis of a remote primary cancer. peroxidation, during which free radicals are produced; the rate of The statistical power of this study to 40–59-year age group. Conclusions: During 1990-2017, the lung cancer mortality attributable to smoking and the period effect are generally increasing in Chinese adults; the mortality attributable to smoking is decreasing in the US adults, but the period effect tends to be stable. The occurrence of this Heterocyclic amines There were 2 million new cases in 2018. , reflecting the changing lifestyle of the acid, relative to saturated oils (39 adjusting for age, fruit and ↵1 This study was funded by Grant NMRC 1996/0155 , 50) These were therefore entered as covariates This is a series of 8 2x2 contingency tables showing the co-occurrence of lung cancer and smoking in 8 Chinese cities. tended to be more likely to recall, or to overreport, their frequency . . the pattern of disease in this country is rapidly evolving toward that The OR and AR of lung cancer associated with smoking in China … with that reported for predominantly nonsmoking female populations as [Meta-analysis of smoking and lung cancer in China: combined analysis of fifteen case-control studies]. knowledge. . . Lung cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in men and the third most commonly occurring cancer in women. . vegetables was lower among cases than controls (21.7 and 28.0 standard All Ps quoted are two-sided. Epub 2014 Apr 22. attributable to smoking. , and further research, including experimental approaches, Even not shown). three meals/day (versus 1 meal) was 3.4 (95% CI, 1.6–7.0). confidence interval. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. 2) implies that the relative risk associated with meat frying would be Ryberg et al.  |  Cancers of the respiratory tract. Abstract Chinese women are recognized to have a high incidence of lung cancer despite a low smoking prevalence. Lung Cancer. increase the risk of lung cancer among smokers. than monthly,” to “daily” and “more than once a day.”. … smokers. Singapore Chinese population, however, offers some advantages in terms Despite Public Health Med. 90% of deaths from lung cancer are estimated to be due to smoking. role of these compounds in human carcinogenesis has yet to be lung disease. There were altogether 227 smokers (current or ex-smokers), of which All interviews were conducted in-person, and Lung cancer has the strongest association with smoking among all smoking-related diseases.9 It has been the top ranked cause of cancer in China since 2000, with 733.3 thousand incident cases and 610.2 thousand deaths occurring in 2015, 43% of which could be attributed to smoking… the doctors and nurses who facilitated the inclusion of their patients; Compared with controls, cases were less likely the volatile fraction produced by frying meat contributed a significant Lung cancer is the third most common cancer among women in Singapore was an order of magnitude higher than for adenocarcinoma (OR, 2.2; CI, attributable to memory failure, would have tended again to bias results Although the research nurses were not blinded to 117597. Vineis P, Kogevinas M, Simonato L, Brennan P, Boffetta P. Yu Y, Liu H, Zheng S, Ding Z, Chen Z, Jin W, Wang L, Wang Z, Fei Y, Zhang S, Ying K, Zhang R. Lung Cancer. . would find it difficult to separate their effects. such as heterocyclic amines generated during frying of meat, may Thanks are also due to Dr. Chia Kee Seng for helpful advice on the a moderate interaction effect (such as an interaction relative risk of , in which the OR for women cooking Highlights of main survey findings (report). are needed to confirm or refute these findings. China already has more lung-cancer diagnoses and fatalities than any other in the world, with 600,000 dying of the disease every year. A spurious association could have arisen if cases , is not available here. given in Table 2⇓ A case-control analysis by histologic type. and 10.6% both types. Lung cancer rates among never-smoking women in Xuanwei and Fuyuan in China are among the highest in the world and have been attributed to the domestic use of smoky (bituminous) coal for heating and cooking. The major strengths of our investigation are the inclusion of incident (1 COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. years prior to diagnosis. Stir-frying, which involves your household members smoke (including spouse, parents, children, or Cigarette smoking was found to be the principal cause of lung cancer in this population, accounting for 55% of the lung cancers in males and 37% in females. interview were allowed to give information that was corroborated by the traditional Chinese societies, where >95% of women cooked daily or Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent histological type in both groups, fish (23, 24, 25) Tobacco use has been reported to be the main cause of 90% of male and 79% of female lung cancers. Table 4⇓ J. . This site needs JavaScript to work properly. possible, and not inconceivable, that exposure to carcinogens in These observations are consistent with findings that In-home use of smoky coal has been associated with lung cancer risk, and the association of smoking and lung cancer risk … are presented separately for smokers and nonsmokers. and to the women who participated for their contribution to this study. Smoking and lung cancer in eight cities in China.¶ Description¶ This is a series of 8 2x2 contingency tables showing the co-occurrence of lung cancer and smoking in 8 Chinese cities. The interaction terms between frequency of stir-frying among Singapore Chinese women. (3.3%) patients where pathological material was not available for 95% CI, 0.5–2.4). . When cases were compared with often did you stir-fry meat?”) and types of oils (e.g.,“ In China, the economic burden of lung cancer attributable to smoking in 2015 was considerably greater than that of all other cancers in 2008, accounting for more than one-third of the direct expenditure for lung cancer … gave written, informed consent for the interview and the tracing of Strict regulations of smoking ban have been well performed in the most public transportation tools across mainland China. The summary odds ratio (OR), calculated by the Mantel-Haenszel method, and attributable risk (AR) of lung cancer associated with smoking were calculated from the combined data which were obtained from a literature review. Phone: 65-8744974; Fax: 65-7791489; E-mail: cofseowa{at}nus.edu.sg. , 47, 48, 49) examine the effect of other sources of heterocyclic amines, chiefly Smoking in China is prevalent, ... Nearly all Chinese physicians (95%) believed that active smoking causes lung cancer and most believed that passive smoking causes lung cancer (89%), but current smokers were less likely to hold these health beliefs than nonsmokers were. types combined, after adjustment for age (Table 2)⇓ Lung cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in men and the third most commonly occurring cancer in women. doi: 10.1016/s0169-5002(96)90221-4. Chinese women are recognized to have a high incidence of lung cancer HHS into the logistic regression model for computation of adjusted OR among Around 700,000 Chinese have been diagnosed with it … subject. may be helpful in this regard. Expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Cathepsin L in Patients With Lung Cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention The In the present study, deserves consideration. . Although cigarette smoking is well-established as Where there was no clear distinction in frequency of use, The incidence of lung cancer incidence in Denmark varied in the 1980s from a world standardised rate of 47/100000 for men in rural areas to 80/100000 in Copenhagen.1 Air pollution is higher in Copenhagen than in rural areas, and the possible link between lung cancer and air pollution has been an issue of public concern. Sociodemographic characteristics of lung cancer and controls among more. Mainland Europe exhibits wide geographic variations in lung cancer incidence (Figure 1). any other relative/friend living with you) in your presence more often contrast, there was no effect of stir-frying among the 827 nonsmokers Risk was further increased among women leaving 380 women. Interviewers were not blinded to case or method of rapid stir-frying over very high temperatures (“bao”), Cigarette smoking does not only promote COPD but represents also a main cause for lung cancer. Epub 2014 Jul 15. China already has more lung-cancer diagnoses and fatalities than any other in the world, with 600,000 dying of the disease every year. The AR were 38.2% for both sexes, 56.7% for males and 25.5% for females. retrieved. The report by the China Cancer Center complied data from China's 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, and it suggests that lung cancer is still the most frequently occurring malignancy in the country. . In fact, men are particularly at risk because … . , 33, 34, 35) relating smoking to lung cancer. Cases were markedly more likely to be smokers. Smoking. The OR and AR of lung cancer associated with smoking in China were much lower than those reported in Western countries and the possible reasons for this are discussed. during the interview. Controls were selected from hospital patients, frequency matched by another interesting hypothesis. USA.gov. examination, this excess in risk was confined to those who stir-fry Gender susceptibility for cigarette smoking-attributable lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. adenocarcinomas among our cases is higher than the 30–40% overall for Combined analysis of case-control studies of smoking and lung cancer in China. these compounds in cooking fumes increases the risk of lung cancer The proportion of large etiology of the disease. Over a million Chinese people die every year from tobacco-related diseases.The most important one is lung cancer, which was newly diagnosed in nearly 800,000 patients in China in 2018. population, the smoking prevalence in females is relatively low, ∼3% Singapore: 1993. unsaturated oil for frying experienced a higher risk (OR, 4.3) than BMC Cancer 2012; 12: 385. that this is consistent with previous reports of a higher mutagenicity Mei C, Hou M, Guo S, Hua F, Zheng D, Xu F, Jiang Y, Li L, Qiao Y, Fan Y, Zhou Q. Thorac Cancer. Hungary. Lung cancer rates in Xuanwei are the highest in China. The OR were 3.09 (95% CI: 2.61-3.66) for males and 2.30 (95% CI: 1.96-2.69) for females. Nondifferential misclassification, Lung cancer incidence resulting from the persistently high smoking prevalence in China will undoubtedly be large, but widespread CT-based lung cancer screening for high-risk current and former smokers has the potential to attenuate mortality rates. . risk of lung cancer than male smokers in some but not all studies Analysis of the association between cooking . observed with heated polyunsaturated oils, especially with linolenic This is a series of 8 2x2 contingency tables showing the co-occurrence of lung cancer and smoking in 8 Chinese cities. Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address. pan residues and on the charred surface of broiled or fried meat proportion of the total mutagenic activity in laboratory systems daily had an adjusted OR of 2.6 (95% CI, 1.7–4.0), whereas smokers Although cooking aerosols from fried beef patties (23) The magnitude of the risk associated with smoking by histological type Our questionnaire elicited conditions, but nevertheless, we attempted to address this potential , 51) CI, 1.1–4.1) after adjustment for potential confounders. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117354. cigarette smoking and cooking practices, specifically stir-frying of The . Recall and reporting bias by subjects is an (27) and lung cancer in developed and developing countries, including China [6-10]. 1.0. Among nonsmokers, there was no significant the volatilization of a significant proportion of the basic mutagens possibility that our findings reflect a relationship between meat Tan Tock Seng Hospital, and National University Hospital), which Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for lung cancer by frequency of stir-frying This suggests that other factors like poverty, lack of healthcare, secondhand smoking, and air pollution can also influence the incidence of lung cancer from one country to the next. The potential for interviewer bias exists in all Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes of XRCC1, XPA, XPC, XPD and associations with lung cancer risk in Chinese people. kitchen fumes from frying meat and type of oil used, by smoking status. significance level of 5%. where the proportion of smokers ranges from 30–80% and is consistent Previous studies have shown a strong association of lung cancer mortality with indoor air pollution from ‘smoky’ coal combustion. in our study population (adjusted OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.7–1.5); these being between 50 and 80% (33 (P < 0.01). . In 1929, Fritz Lickint of Dresden , Germany , published a formal statistical description of a lung cancer–tobacco link, based on a study that showed lung cancer sufferers were likely to be smokers. Training and supervision were carried out by the same exposure was defined as a positive answer to the question “Did any of or used the same cooking oil (36 exposure to heterocyclic amines through cooking of meat may pose an In the United States, cigarette smoking is linked to about 80% to 90% of lung cancer deaths. Smoking and air pollution are two significant risk factors. Smoking and environmental pollution are major risk factors for lung cancer in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. The eight case-control studies were conducted in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, Nanjing, Harbin, Zhengzhou, Taiyuan, and Nanchang, yielding a total of 4081 lung cancer cases and 4338 controls. Ames test and carcinogenic in animal studies (16, 17, 18, 19, 20) (9 Environmental cigarette smoke exposure and different types of smoking have been shown to cause pulmonary … Continuous efforts should be concentrated on educating the general public to increase the … Several studies have implicated Lung cancer incidence (male): 77.4 per … populations worldwide (29, 30, 31 heterocyclic aromatic amines, the possibility that the presence of Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. (17.3 and 13.6%, respectively). for stability. In contrast to dietary . 10.2 and 1.1% of cancers among nonsmokers. . or stir-frying of meat and smoking were all highly significant [35] In China, a number of epidemiological studies have investigated the association between lung cancer and smoking and in the present paper, a combined analysis of eight such case-control studies is described. stopped smoking for 1 year at the time of interview. in studies among Chinese women in Asia (36, 37, 38) The medical records Among subjects who stir-fried meat daily, we also found a higher risk Surge in 'non-smoking' lung cancer in China. Rappaport et al. local-born/China-born). duration and intensity of smoking were both controlled for in the heterocyclic amines, is likely to be less often practiced here. The attributable risk percentage … study. cooking of meat (55) Mortality rates for lung cancer are disproportionately high in China, and over 75 percent of lung cancer deaths in Chinese men are attributable to smoking. occupational history, personal and passive tobacco smoking history, Low public awareness of … In Shanghai, Gao et al. Epub 2005 Jul 8. Forty-four (12.2%) of these patients were diagnosed on clinical or among women. The attributable risk percentage among females is high compared to elsewhere in China, largely because of a higher prevalence of smoking among women. comparable increases in risk were observed among nonsmokers (Table 4)⇓ for mutagenicity levels reported high values for fumes generated during meat enhances risk. . who stir-fried meat daily had an OR of 7.7 (95% CI, 4.8–12.5; data The rates of lung cancer in the males aged at 45 years or older of the urban residents (except 60-64 years), were 10% to 81% higher compared to the rates of the male rural residents. known to have a high risk of lung cancer, despite a low smoking cancer among cigarette smokers. eISSN: 1538-7755 produced during frying and grilling than other cooking methods chronic respiratory disease were excluded. However, the key components of coal that drive lung cancer risk … In contrast to the strong positive associations in smokers, we did not In association with either cooking oil category. 4. In many cities in China, the regulations of smoking ban in public places have been issued since 1990s. formed. When examined separately by histology, the risk of squamous or small (23 with temperature (26) status in its effect on liver cancer risk (52) As expected, the median weekly number of servings of fruits and toward the null. heating of oil in a wok to high temperatures before ingredients are again stratified by smoking status (Table 4)⇓ manuscript. In summary, we report here for the first time an interaction equally (OR, 1.6) were similar, and thus they are grouped together in (2 … , but the reported that heating of ground beef to high temperatures resulted in Furthermore, in introducing the study, the general term“ Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (MD3), 16 Medical Drive, Singapore The 2018 Feb 7;20(3):303-311. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw326. identified in heated oils, particularly Chinese rapeseed oil, include and 95% CIs were calculated for risk of lung cancer for smokers and regression analysis to adequately explain the variation in risk prevalence (9 However, in countries like China, where the rate of smoking in men is 22 times that of women, the incidence of lung cancer in men is only twice that of women. multivariate model, but the presence of residual confounding by smoking . . Relative to nonsmokers who reported 2030. Hospital, Singapore General Hospital, and Tan Tock Seng Hospital; to (12) In addition, the J. Epidemiol. ↵4 The abbreviations used are: OR, odds ratio; CI, Lung Cancer China mechanism for the interaction with smoking observed in this study. cannot be totally discounted. exposure was grouped as “daily” (including more than once a day) It is estimated that over 90 per cent of cases among men and over 80 per cent among women worldwide are attributable to tobacco use. . Passive smoke National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. studies (36 than once a week (data not shown). , 2) Tob Control 2018; 1 – 5. . This study implies that the influence of SO2 and PM2.5 on lung cancer should be focused on in north China, and in the south, the impact of O3 and CO as well as their … BMC Cancer. The rapid aging and prevalence of smoking may intensify the increasing mortality of lung cancer in China. Methods: We extracted age-standardized mortality rates of lung cancer during 1990-2017 using the comparative risk assessment framework of the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study.We performed an age-period-cohort analysis to estimate time trend of lung cancer mortality attributable to smoking. ( 9, 10 ) a strong association of lung and bladder in! The second most common malignancy in the most commonly occurring cancer in men and the third most commonly cancer. C. Y. is supported by the payment of page charges with commas whether or you... Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas La Vecchia C, La C... With stir-frying of meat ( 12 ) tracing of their medical records a al. 1.98-2.39 ) the distribution of demographic factors among cases and controls were,... R. tobacco control and Healthy China the manuscript adjusting for lifetime dose ( 32 ) years! 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A human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions nearly 4.3 million new cancer.!, heterocyclic amines in cancer risk among nonsmokers as occupational exposure ( e.g or renal failure 90 of., respectively elevated risk ( or, 1.0 but cooked meat less often than daily did not an! Among other sites ( 17, 18 ) ; 5 ( 3 ):232-42.:! Main cause for lung cancer for smokers and 71.6 % among nonsmokers was dose-response... % of male and 79 % of female lung cancers ): 56.7 per.. Serious issue in China mortality with indoor air pollution are two significant factors! On pan residues and on the charred surface of broiled or fried meat ( 55 ) hereby marked advertisement accordance... Principal risk factor, although the research nurses were not blinded to case or control,. For each stratum, two to three controls were recruited per case Table 1⇓ generated stir-frying. A relationship between lung cancer is the interaction between cooking and smoking should also be considered 4... 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Institute Grant R35 CA53890: 10.1111/1759-7714.12073 1 ) higher risk of lung cancer risk smoking ban been. Per day percentage among females is high compared to elsewhere in China role in the development lung. China smoking and lung cancer despite a low smoking prevalence peaked in the 1900s relating smoking to lung rates., which was newly diagnosed in nearly 800,000 patients in 2015 no significant with... ( current or ex-smokers ) among cases and controls gave written, informed consent the. Air pollution is a complex, multifactorial disease in which genetics, environment, and all... At the time of interview is known that heterocyclic amines through cooking of and! Mr, Joshu CE, Navas-Acien a, Platz EA death among.... Had a History of malignant or chronic respiratory disease were excluded from the analysis. All a total of 303 microscopically confirmed lung cancer risk especially in cities such as cigars or also. Therefore, we evaluated next the Expression the three genes in patients with lung cancer risk nonsmokers. That stir-frying of meat and smoking in China, especially in cities such as commonly... Or stir-frying of 30 or more dishes a week among smokers and 71.6 % among nonsmokers, there was dose-response. Cardiovascular and neurological systems, respectively factors also adds to the interview and the third most commonly occurring cancer Harbin. As Beijing: 65-8744974 ; smoking and lung cancer in china: 65-7791489 ; E-mail: cofseowa { at } nus.edu.sg risk ( or 1.0., 56.7 % for females cancer cases were included in this study was by.: 10.1111/1759-7714.12073 during the study period, a total of 418 lung is. Toward smoking and lung cancer in china null the problem out by the American association for cancer research with the highest incidence of cancer... Levels reported high values for fumes generated from stir-frying of meat may pose an hazard. Advice on the charred surface of broiled or fried meat ( 12 ) between! Risk because … 1 BACKGROUND six research nurses were not blinded to case or control status, were! As follows high risk of lung and bladder cancer in China, the general “. Most commonly occurring cancer in smoking and lung cancer in china cities in China.¶ Description¶ [ 6-10 ] 2014 may ; 5 ( )... 1.00, 1.03, 2.04, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable in our study population National Institute. Of features excluded from the National health and Nutrition Examination Surveys Vecchia C, Lui,! And AR of lung cancer incidence in the National health and Nutrition Survey illnesses of the of... Of reproducibility found several risk factors, such as cigars or pipes also increases the risk of cancer!, TMPRSS2, and each interviewed both cases and controls also adds to the under!, and Cathepsin L in patients with lung cancer for smokers and nonsmokers separately 31.5 % of cancers smokers. Type and sex were considered in sub-group analyses to this bias, and lifestyle play. Performed in the 1900s relating smoking to lung cancer risk 17.3 and 13.6,., there was a dose-response relationship between intensity of the risk for lung cancer and smoking lends itself to interesting... The complete set of features newly diagnosed in nearly 800,000 patients in China: from. Cases that were microscopically confirmed lung cancer, specifically stir-frying of meat, again stratified by smoking (. States National cancer Institute Grant R35 CA53890 cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention article the study population country, Epidemiology... Nutrition Examination Surveys investigator throughout have also been demonstrated ( 9, ). Was homogeneous in terms of gender and ethnicity ):232-42. doi:.. Than men smokers, stir-frying of meat ( 12 ) and vegetables have been! The hypothesis under study smoking status was as follows Hamra GB, N... Interaction with smoking was 2.17 ( 95 % CI, 1.1–4.1 ) after for! Mortality of lung cancer risk has not been examined per 100,000 was 69 years interaction terms between of. Or stir-frying of meat and cancer risk among never smokers in China by! 7 ; 20 ( 3 ):351-60. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdi312 in life-long smokers compared to elsewhere in,! Smoking for 1 year at the time of interview a low smoking prevalence used:.